Tasks in Market Segmentation

Tasks in Market Segmentation 1. Analyze consumer product relationship 2. Investigate segmentation bases 3. Develop product positioning 4. Select segmentation strategy 5. Design marketing mix strategy The first task in segmenting the market is Analyze consumer product relationships—this entail the analysis of the affect and cognition, behaviour, and environments involved in the purchase/consumption process. 3 general approaches to this task— 1. Marketing managers may brainstorm the product concept and consider what types of consumers are likely to purchase and use the product and how they differ from those less likely to buy. . Focus groups and other types of primary research can be used for identifying differences in attributes, benefits, and values of various potential markets 3. Secondary research may further investigate differences in potential target markets, determine the relative sizes of those markets, and develop a better understanding of consumers of this or si milar products Investigate segmentation bases. There are no simple way to determine the best bases for segmenting markets. Benefit segmentation. The benefits people seek in consuming a given product are the basic reasons for the existence of true market segments.Psychographic segmentation. Differences on consumer lifestyles. Activities(work, hobbies, vacations), interests (family, job community), opinions9social issues, policitcs, business) Person/situation. Market can be divided on the basis of usage situation. Example: clothes and footwear—market are divided on the basis of sex, size, usage situation or social events Geodemographic segmentation. Identifies specific households in market focusing on local neighbourhood geography (such as zip codes) to create classifications of actual addressable, mappable neighbourhood where consumers live and shop.Develop product positioning. Positioning the product relative to competing products in the minds of consumers. Objective: to form a particular brand image in consumers’ minds 5 approaches to positioning strategy: 1. Positioning by attribute. Most common positioning strategy associating a product with an attribute, a product feature, or a customer feature. Example: toothpaste –fights cavity, whitens teeth 2. By use or application. Represents a 2nd or 3rd position designed to expand the market. Example: Cellphone—texting, 2nd videocam, 3rd–email 3. By product user or class user.Associating with a specific lifestyle profile. Example: alcohol—pampamilya na pangsports pa 4. By product class. Example: camay—beauty soap, safeguard—family soap, ivory-mild soap for sensitive skin 5. By competitors. To convince consumers that a brand is better than the market leader or another well-accepted brand on important attributes. Commonly done in advertisement where competitor is compared. Example: tide compared with brand x and brand y Positioning Map. A visual depiction of cons umers perceptions of competitive products, brands, or models.It is done by surveying consumers about various product attributes and developing dimensions and graph indicating the relative positions of competitors. Select Segmentation Strategy Four Basic Alternatives 1. The firm may decide not to enter the market. This may mean there are no viable market niche for the product or brand or model. 2. The firm may decide not to segment but to mass marketer. This may be appropriate in three situations— a. When the market is so small that marketing to portion of it is not profitable b.When heavy users make up such a large proportion of the sales volume that they are the only relevant target. c. When the brand is dominant in the market and targeting to a few segments would not benefit sales and profits. 3. The firm may decide to market to only one segment 4. The firm may decide to market to more than one segment and design a separate marketing strategy each. Three Important Criteria to Base Segmentation Strategy Decisions: 1. Measurable. Be able to measure size and characteristics. Example: income 2.Meaningful. Segment is large enough to have sufficient sales and growth potential to offer long-run profits. 3. Marketable. Can be reached and serve profitably. Consumer Behavior and Product Strategy Product affect and cognition: Satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Consumer satisfaction is critical in marketing thought and consumer research. Satisfied more likely to purchase the product; dissatisfied more likely to switch products or brand. Expectancy disconfirmation with performance approach is a current approach in studying satisfaction.This approach views consumer satisfaction as the degree to which a product or service provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfilment. It is a degree to which a product performance exceeds the consumers expectations. Prepurchase expectations are consumers beliefs about anticipated performance of the product. Postpurcha se perceptions are consumer’s thoughts about how well the product performed. Disconfirmation refers to difference between the two perceptions. 3 types of disconfirmation: 1. Positive disconfirmation occurs when product performance is better than expected.This lead to satisfaction or a pleasurable level of fulfilment. 2. Negative disconfirmation occurs when product performance is lower than expected. This thought lead to dissatisfaction. 3. Neutral disconfirmation occurs when performance perceptions just meet expectations. Product Behavior Major objective of marketing is to increase the probability and frequency of consumers coming into contact with products, purchasing and using them and repurchasing them. Two classes of consumer behavior: 1. Product Contact. Involves behavior such as locating the product in the store, examining it, and taking it to the check out counter.A consumer may receive free sample in the mail, or on the doorstep on be given sample in the store, borrow product from a friend and use it, receive a product as a gift, or simply see someone else sue the product and experience it vicariously. 2. Brand Loyalty/Variety Seeking. For consumers to be brand loyal, they must not only purchase the same brand repeatedly but also has cognitive commitment to do so. Brand must have sufficient meaning for them that they purchase it not because of convenience or deals but because the brand represents important benefits or values to them.Brand loyalty is an intrinsic commitment to repeatedly purchase a particular brand. It is differentiated from repeat purchase behaviour because it focuses only on the behavioural action without concern for the reasons for the habitual response. Variety seeking is a cognitive commitment to purchase different brands because of factors such as the stimulation involved in trying different brands, curiosity, novelty, or overcoming boredom with the same old thing. Useful strategies for loyal customers: 1. If the only profi table segment is the brand loyal heavy user, focus on switching consumer loyalty to the firm’s brands 2.If there is sufficient number of brand loyal light users, focus on increasing their usage of the firm’s brand 3. If there is a sufficient number of variety-seeking heavy users, attempt to make the firm’s brand name a salient attribute and/or develop a new relative advantage. 4. If there is a sufficient number of variety-seeking light users, attempt to make the firm’s brand name a salient attribute and increase usage of the brand among consumers, perhaps by finding sustainable relative advantage. Product Environment Refers to product-related stimuli that consumers attend and comprehend.Majority of this stimuli are received through the sense of sight. Example: How a cloth feels so smooth influences consumer affect, cognition, and behavior. Two types of environmental stimuli: 1. Product attributes. Major stimuli that influence consumer affect, cognition, a nd behavior. Consumers may evaluate these attributes in terms of their own values, beliefs, and past experiences. 2. Packaging. Element of the product environment on which marketers spend billions annually. Packaging objectives: 1. Should protect the product as it moves through the channel to the consumer. 2.Should be economical and not add undue cost to the product 3. Should allow convenient storage and use of the product by consumer 4. Can be used effectively to promote the product to the consumer. Package sizes can influence not only which brands consumers choose but also how much of a product they use on particular occasions. Package colors are thought to have an important impact on consumers affect, cognition, and behavior. Colors can connote meaning and can be used strategically. Brand identification and Label Information on the package provide additional stimuli for consideration by the consumer.It simplifies purchase and for the consumer and make the loyalty development proc ess possible. Label information includes instructions, contents, lists of ingredients or raw materials, warnings for use and care of the product. Product Strategy. Designed to influence consumers in both the short and long run. In the short-run, new product strategies aim to influence consumers to try the product; in the long run, product strategies are designed to develop brand loyalty and obtain large market shares. A critical aspect of designing product strategies involves analyzing consumer-product relationships.This means consumer product-related affect, cognition, behavior, and environments should be carefully considered in new-product life cycle. Characteristics of Consumers; 1. Innovators 2. Early adopters 3. Early majority 4. Late majority 5. Laggards Characteristics of Products 1. Compatibility. How will does this product fit consumers’ current affect and cognitions, and behaviours? –degree to which product is consistent with consistent with consumers current affect, cognition and behavior. 2. Trialability. Can consumers try the product on a limited basis with little risk? -degree of which product can be tried on a limited basis or divided into small quantities for an inexpensive trial. 3. Observability. Do consumers see or otherwise sense this product? –degree to which products or their effects can be sensed by other consumers.4. Speed. How soon do consumers experience the benefits of the product? –refers to how rapid consumers experience the benefits of the product. 5. Simplicity. How easy it is for consumers to understand and use the product? –the degree to which a product is easy for a consumer to understand and use. 6. Competitive advantage. What makes this product better than competitive offerings? -the degree to which an item has sustainable competitive advantage over other product classes, product forms, and brands. 7. Product symbolism. What does this product mean to consumers? –refers to what the pr oduct or brand means to the consumer and what the consumer experiences in purchasing and using it. Consumer researchers recognize that some products possess symbolic features and that consumption of them may depend more on their social and psychological meaning than on their functional utility. 8. Marketing strategy. What is the role of other marketing mix elements in creating a functional or image-related relative advantage?Favorable image is created through the other elements of the marketing mix. Promotion in the form of advertising is commonly used to create a favorable image for the brand by pairing it with positively evaluated stimuli such as attractive model. Price. Create brand images as well as provide functional competitive advantage. Consumers perceived a relationship between price and quality. Price can position a brand as a good value for their money. Distribution. Good site locations and a large number of outlets are important advantage esp in the food markets

Nursing Home Administration

Nursing facility is a special environment which has a great impact on employees and their perception of duty and responsibilities. The nursing process is a dynamic and continuous cycle that aims to place the patient as an individual at the heart of the assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation of nursing care. Researchers states that the satisfaction of helping others and recognition and reward programs are the main factors which motivate employees of a nursing facility. On the one hand, there is a belief that nurses have an influence on patient care and ultimately on health outcomes. Satisfaction of helping others motivates employees to do their best and provide patients with the best services. The nursing process can be described as a merger of decision making skills with caring ability and is influenced by knowledge, research and experience. For the individual employees, satisfaction of helping others begins with a conscious choice to become involved in life beyond the self, not only because of personal reward, but because the activities tie them to the shared efforts, hope, and experiences of the broader community. Satisfaction means that an individual will seek to become fully engaged in the world of the community. Participation in community acknowledges the interdependence of human beings. In the ideal situation, employees seek to be integrated within the self and with helping people whose lives are touched by the mission of the agency. Satisfaction of helping others emphasizes belonging and duty above desires and rights. For nurses, satisfaction places acceptance of duties ahead of consideration of benefits. Work is undertaken not only as a response to a given set of incentives, but more importantly, because of a deep personal attachment to productive participation in the community (Recruitment and Retention 2000). Recognition and reward programs show that work and skills of employees are appraised by administration that value their efforts and knowledge. In many nursing facilities, the foundation of the performance appraisal and merit pay systems assumes that workers are primarily motivated by financial rewards which result from the accomplishment of clearly established and measurable performance goals. The recognition and reward are closely tied to eligibility for salary increases or, in the case of eligible middle managers, for merit pay adjustments. The system provides financial rewards and recognition in return for the achievement of monitored performance goals. The reward system relies on definite goals and expectations which are established and clearly understood between the supervisor and nurses. Theoretically, when these mutually understood conditions are present, employees are motivated; they draw on and apply their energy in appropriate directions to meet organizational objectives and are then appropriately rewarded (Beardwell et al 2004). The recognition and reward system depends on consistent and predictable procedures that can accurately establish and track employee performance. This involvement or attachment is chosen not just with a specific expectation of reward, but more importantly because the activity or attachment is meaningful in itself (Jennings, Murray, 2005). It might be assumed that any changes these employers made to the pay system would introduce a greater degree of individualization of reward. This could be achieved by simply increasing the proportion that was based on merit. The rewards to those who are seen to be outstanding performers are of two kinds: the formal and the informal. Many nursing facilities operated special annual award schemes for employees who made exceptional contributions. The award is a corporate-wide scheme designed to reward outstanding work and motivate employees. In sum, to be effective, an individual performance evaluation and reward system must first have credibility among employees. The pivotal issue in motivating employees to perform in organizationally defined ways is employee confidence that the system can produce the results it promises. The satisfaction of helping others and recognition motivate nursing staff and increase their commitment to work. References Beardwell, I. Holden, L., Claydon, T. (2004). Human Resource Management, London Pitman Publishing. Jennings, B., Murray, T. H. (2005). The Quest to Reform End of Life Care: Rethinking Assumptions and Setting New Directions. The Hastings Center Report, 35 (6), 52 Recruitment and Retention Strategies for Nurses. (2000). Retrieved 12 March 2007 from http://www.va.gov/OCA/testimony/docs/14je01TG2.rtf

Bachata

Bachata Music and dance go hand in hand. Just like Bachata music, the dance is also simple and uncomplicated, containing a series of the simplest of steps. The dance moves or step variety, during a performance, strongly depends on the music, (such as the rhythms played by the different instruments), mood, setting, and the performers’ interpretation. The leading is done like in most other social dances, with a â€Å"pushing and pulling† hand and arm communication. The original dance style from the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean is a basic dance arrangement in a full 8 count moving within a square. Others in the Western dancing world later developed a more simple style and pattern, which incorporated dance elements from other dances as well. The basic is also in a full 8 count, but with a side to side motion. Both of these styles consist of 3 normal steps and then a tap step, which is often accompanied by a â€Å"pop† of the hips, and can sometimes be substituted with syncopations. The music has an accent rhythm at every 4th count, this is normally when the dancers will tap-step and pop their hips- this is called dancing Bachata to the basic rhythm of music. Bachata can be danced to other music as well if the dancers just focus on a particular instrument. The early slow style of the 50s was danced only closed, like the Bolero. The Dominican style of Bachata is danced today all over the Caribbean, now also faster in accordance to faster music, adding more footwork, turns and rhythmic free style moves which alternate between closed (romantic) and open positions (more playful). While men may perform the music, women and men alike take part in Bachata dancing. It is a dance of sensuality and seduction, relating strongly with its roots in heartache and bitterness and unrequited love. Dominican Bachata is created by the people over many years for social dancing, and is still evolving. There are many different styles of Bachata dance, here is just a few: * Original Bachata Traditional (the Western Traditional: the first Fusion Style) * Modern/Moderna (later Fusion Style) * Bachatango/Bachata Tango (later Fusion Style) * Ballroom (later Fusion Style) There are â€Å"many other Fusion Styles† of Bachata from the West, pioneered and promoted by different teachers around the world, each with its own distinct flair. Whether these are considered completely different styles or simply variations of the main styles, is often argued by teachers and students alike.

Women and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women and Politics - Essay Example Policy decisions in such circumstances are necessarily to be meticulous at least for the time being. American deregulation of genetically engineered food products such as Geep meat (a cross between a sheep and a goat) and certain forms of new vegetables into Canadian market is the best example of the like situation. Media analysis on this issue had critically assumed that the decision should have been of Canadian origin.(Joel Schalit, 1994 ). Going back in centuries, we can have an overall idea of politics through Aristotle2. His science of politics encompasses two different fields namely ethics and political philosophy. As regards ethics his contention that practical wisdom could not be acquired solely by learning general rules is noteworthy. Answers to the abstract question of whether egoistic behaviour serves the general good can be got from general equilibrium theory with respect to some idealized circumstances. This theory does not matter if people are in fact egoistic3. The conventional alienation of women in politics has almost disappeared. The gender gap has become the defining feature of the US elections since the previous two and a half decades. In fact the gender differences were apparent in many races since 2006 and still continue to be long-term trends. Women as voters have developed themselves as an efficient controlling factor in elections. This showed their knowledge of politics would set trends in politics. (Susan J. Carroll, 2006). The recent voting trend in the Super Tuesday Races of February 5, 2008 confirms the gender gap. In California and Masachusettes, where Hilary Clinton won the gender gap was just 14 while in Utah where Obama won the gap was 204. The role of media that is considered to be a formative pillar in any democracy still lacks its interest in propagating the achievements of women politicians. The Round Table conducted by IPU in 1997 made efforts to its fullest strength to bring the women politicians more in

Manufacturing and Urbanization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Manufacturing and Urbanization - Essay Example Because of the rise of industrialism in the nineteenth century, United States became an industrialized society. This change was sped up by transportation revolution as well as immigration. Urbanization, along with the need for a market economy, also contributed America’s industrialization. Industrialization changed the lives of everyone. The farmers had become workers in factories and mills. Agriculture became mechanized, and with technology, the food production increased. Coupled with fast production and mechanization, the farmers worked faster. Since the transportation network was also quite effective, goods were also transported throughout America, boosting commerce and industry throughout the regions. Urbanization also went hand in hand with industrialization as with the expansion of farming. The mechanization of the textile industry was not until mid-nineteenth century when the likes of Lowell Mills (in Massachusetts) sprouted. In fact, Lowell Mills was the most profitabl e mill in Massachusetts. In 1814, the Boston Manufacturing Company was established and it built a mill near the Charles River. It became the first integrated mill in the United States: it was the first mill to have had carding, spinning and weaving. For several years, the town of Lowell in Massachusetts became the default place for putting up mills in America as ten textile corporations opened more than thirty mills in Lowell. The city became world famous as the â€Å"center of efficient industry†. These mills had eight thousand workers, women between ages 16 to 35 as their workers and they were promised high wages by men who told them that these jobs were available to all social classes, since being a mill girl is considered being degrading. The Lowell Mills had a large-scale mechanization with the goal of improving the stature the women in the workforce. The mills usually hired employees for a year and they were renewed every year (the average employee lasts for four years) . The new ones had a fixed wage while the older employees were paid by the piece. The workers usually worked for fourteen hours each day and their work averages for seventy three hours each week. The workers were overseen by two male managers. The rooms are hot with eighty workers to a room, and the windows are closed to maintain thread count and thread work. The workers were also housed in boarding houses that were provided by the company, with six workers in a bedroom. Because of the economic depression of the 1830s, the board of directors of the mills proposed a reduction in the women’s wages and the employees had strikes. The women lost and the employees left town, and this was seen as a â€Å"betrayal of femininity†. In 1845, the Lowell women started the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. It demanded a ten hour work for the women of Lowell Mills. The movement became unsuccessful then but in 1847, their work hours were reduced by 30 minutes. In New Hampshire, however, the State Board passed a law for a ten hour workday. This development in the industrialization of America brought forth inequality in the working class, particularly in the lives of female white workers as exemplified by the working women of Lowell Mills. The inequality was not only sexist as it only affected women. Then inequality stretched to the point where the capitalists have used the term â€Å"more wages† as they hired women, on the premise of them providing better lives, with these women not knowing that they will be in for more

Operations management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Operations management - Case Study Example Large production minimizes production cost. CCI has new ways of achieving objectives in Scunthorpe through the application of the Continuous Improvement (CI). CI entails the laid down resources and processes aimed at improving business efficiency.CI incorporates everybody ranging from managerial level to the employees down the structure. Reduction of waste is one of the avenues employed to improve efficiency. The main areas of waste reduction have been identified by the channels already in place. Besides there is a CI culture that is embedded in the CI strategies. The next strategy is the process mapping facilitated by the CI coaches. Maps are made to allow employees to view the requirements of production so as to understand expectation. Everybody at CCI has a target set that has to be met. The final strategy is the use of key performance indicators to not only evaluate production quantitatively but also to determine if the customers’ expectations are met and they are satisfied. Despite the cost involved in the CI process, the benefits are reduction of wastes, improved product quality, minimized rework time, and regaining of custom ers among others. The main points of the article are the overview of the company; the product offered by the company; the stages of producing the product; reasons for production in large scale; and the laid down strategies in place to increase production as well as customer satisfaction. As illuminated from the article, Corus group is company that deals with the production of steal worldwide. It produces steel at large scale since large scale production minimizes costs involved. However, while reading between the line using high definition quality spectacles, the article does not clearly bring out how the strategies through the Continuous Improvement (CI) platform has helped to ensure that customers satisfaction as prioritized. Prioritizing customers’ needs is

Multiagent Systems research based Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Multiagent Systems research based - Essay Example The multi agent system looks at improving the production performance, increasing the schedule reliability and efficiency and keeping updated schedules. Software agent technology, which started in the early 1980s as a sub-field of artificial intelligence and has been a very dynamic field of research for about more than two decades, focuses its research mainly on aspects of multi-agent planning and distributed problem solving. Even though the agent technology research field is still heterogeneous it has set up itself as a major stream of computer science and artificial intelligence in particular. Multi-agent system is quite imperative for a ceramic tile company like Eco Tile factory, because it needs dynamic production processes to offer online programming to the customers and it would be able to manage real time response about their services and delivery times of required products through the process where design and other activities are done ahead of the production process. Like most other production units, production programming was one of the main problems of this company. The multi-agent system in Eco Tile turns to be a better structure for dealing with design and development of an application which should be flexible and adaptable to the environment. Multi agent technique seems to be appropriate for solving complicated problems that require intelligence. Here, Multi agent system provides a natural way to solve problems that are inherently distributed within the factory. Recently, multi agent system shows its trend towards the overt design and organization use where heterogeneous agents work together within distinct roles to attain individual and general goals. When emphasizing on team goals, organizations allow agents to work together with the help of individual agents to function properly and to perform the jobs that they are best appropriated for. When focusing on individual agent’s goal, organizations allow agents to perform

Unit 36 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Unit 36 - Coursework Example This made the recording of business transactions and activities an important factor. In recent years, accounting has undergone several transformations; among its purposes include having a permanent record of all of the business’ transactions, keeping records of income and expenses, and keeping records of assets and liabilities for ascertaining financial position of the business. Another purpose is to keep control of the expenses while maximizing profits, keep records of customers and the amount they owe to the business, know suppliers and their owing to the business, and eventually to have information for legal and tax purposes in relation to the location of the business (Juan 3). In this paper the chosen organization is Apple Inc. Like every other MNCs, Apple also publish their Cash flow statement, Profit and Loss statement and balance sheet every year. It is not only helpful for the investor to analyse the performance of the company but at the same time experts also make the ir prediction based on these report regarding how the organization is going to perform in coming years. According to Collins Richards, all income received and all expenditure spend in a business should always be accounted for either in terms of capital or revenue (42). The difference between capital and revenue items of expenditure and income is the total amount of wealth found in a business that has subsequently been used to produce income. In the books of accounts, capital does not change – it is maintained intact - separated from other forms of finance with a clear clarification showing losses and profits. Revenue items in the books of accounts on the other hand are either income or the expenditure showing the daily business transactions. Income is represented by profits while expenditure is represented by losses. As profits withdrawn from the income reduce the available capital, the losses

Comparing The U.S. Health Care System with that of The United Kingdom Essay

Comparing The U.S. Health Care System with that of The United Kingdom - Essay Example (United Nations Development Programme; See Table 1). This means that health care is a luxury that people with more money can buy more of and a better quality of. Choosing to utilize a system of privately funded health care may be a result of the attitude of the United States of being "free," which can be taken to mean free from government control or interference in the free market. While there is public funding available for the elderly and the extremely poor, many people still do not receive the health care they need. This lack of health care for citizens who need it is currently a topic of much debate. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, funds its citizens' health care publicly, through taxes. According to the 2007-2008 Human Development Report, 7% of GDP in the United Kingdom is spent on public health care while just 1.1% must be spent privately. (United Nations Development Programme; See Table 1). This difference in expenditures in the United Kingdom translates to the view of health care as a fundamental human right rather than a money-based privilege. When health care began to be publicly funded, "the idea was that if Britain could work towards full employment and spend huge sums of money during the wartime effort, then in a time of peace equitable measures of social solidarity and financial resources could be redirected towards fostering public goods." (Wikipedia, 2008). Although publicly funded health care provides more health care to a greater number of people, some people believe that the quality of health care provided is lower. In some cases people choose to seek priva te health care, if they can afford it, but they are often upset about having to pay for both private health care and the public health care they are opting out of. Many people do not like the feeling that they are paying for the health care of other people who get sick more frequently or are less healthy. Another concern with the United Kingdom's public health care system is that patients are often waitlisted to see doctors for pressing matters; this has led to unnecessary deaths. (Browne, 2001). Putting the private versus public funding debate aside momentarily, there appears also to be discrepancy in the total amount of combined public and private money spent on health care between the United States and the United Kingdom. Based on the previously discussed statistics, the United States spends 15.4% of GDP on its health care while the United Kingdom spends a considerably lower 8.1% of GDP on health care. In terms of what this means for each individual residing in these countries, while per capita GDP in the United States is $41,890 and $6,096 of that is spent on health care, per capita GDP in the United Kingdom is a slightly lower $36,509 but a significantly lower amount, only $2,560 per capita is spent on health care. (United Nations Development Programme; See Table 1). By having everyone contribute a little bit to the entire society's health care, it appears that health care becomes significantly cheaper for everyone. It is also interesting to note that the United States, with a GDP (in millions) of $12,416.5, as compared to the United Kingdom's $2,198.8, would have a lot of GDP to spend elsewhere if only 8.1% was spent on health care instead of 15.4%. Because there are many mixed feelings

The impact of culture on entrepreneurial management Essay

The impact of culture on entrepreneurial management - Essay Example Hofstede defines culture as â€Å"the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one human group from another†¦. Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture† (Hofstede & Hofstede, 2005). Culture is learned and not inherited. Individuals are born into and shaped by that culture which has been existing. This culture influences the way we think, behave and act. Culture can be referred as the acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and to generate social behaviour (Rugman & Hodgetts, 2002). Cultural differences can be found at the regional, national, ethnic, and organizational levels. Hence, Hofstede (1991) suggested that cultural influences on organizations "are most clearly recognizable at the national level" (cited by Justin, 2002). This has been the most widely accepted definition of culture and this essay will determine the impact of culture on indigenous entreprene urs, immigrant entrepreneurs and women entrepreneurs. Culture influences attitudes and behavior, varies within and across nations and within and across ethnicities, and is strongly embedded in indigenous communities. (Lindsay, 2005). Culture influences the motives, values, and beliefs of individuals (Hayton, George, & Zahra, 2002) that reflects on their attitudes. In term of business, people would view and conduct their business differently according to their attitude, which is derived from their own culture. â€Å"If we learn anything from the history of economic development, it is culture makes all difference† (Landes, 1998). Maznevski et al., (2002) state that culture is a group-level phenomenon, but it influences individuals’ perception, values and behaviour, especially with respect to social interaction. It is thus evident that culture is an important factor of economic success. Culture is a big influence

Identifying and Explaining Physical skills and Physical techniques Essay Example for Free

Identifying and Explaining Physical skills and Physical techniques Essay Physical Skills * Arm height * Head position * Speed of arm rotations during delivery * Ability to bowl for extended periods of time * Speed of the run up Arm Height Effects of High Actions: * Extra bounce than usual * Extra pace and sometimes bowlers are able to skid the ball too * Extra Balance in the delivery stride * Extra accuracy, if the bowler has a side on action notably. Head Position This shows a delivery side on. The head position of this player is kept facing the target, straight and steady at all times. Focusing on the target will provide the following things: * The delivery will ultimately go where targeted at * No possible injuries to the neck; any sudden jerks will stretch the neck muscles and sometimes will result in strains and tears * It will help in the momentum and balance in the delivery stride Speed of Shoulder Rotations If a player wants to bowl quickly, the main aspects of bowling quickly is 1. The speed of which the shoulder rotates and 2. An explosive action. Shoaib Ahktar, for example, has both of these and bowls with tremendous pace, the rotations of his shoulder allow him to exceed speeds of over 9Omph each delivery. Ability to bowl for extended periods of time In this scorecard of a 1938 Test Match, M G Waite, a single bowler bowls 72 overs. In doing this requires massive Cardiovascular Endurance, Stamina and Motivation. Two other bowlers bowled over 😠¯ between them, but these bowlers were spinners. M G Waite was most likely to be a seam bowler so this type of bowler must be prepared for extensive bowling, including breaks at intervals though. Speed of the run up Fast bowlers such as Dennis Lillie and Michael Holding all ball with outstanding pace and to do this they must have a source: The Run Up. Both these bowlers have unusually long run ups, Dennis Lillies at 47 paces and Michael Holdings at 5O. Cardiovascular Endurance and Stamina play a big part in maintaining there pace and consistency The run up of these bowlers should be Smooth, Balanced, Economical, Rhythmic and Consistent. * Small steps initially; led to larger strides * The body leans forward * The arms stay close to the body * The hands remain in motion, carried above the waistband and the within the width of the trunk * The head remains steady, with the eyes fixed on the target.

Floods and subsequent death Essay Example for Free

Floods and subsequent death Essay Hurricane Katrina formed in the United States in the year 2005, causing floods and subsequent death many people. It is estimated that more than 1800 people lost their lives due to the hurricane. This data makes it the worst in the history of the United States since the year 1928. It is considered to have been the hurricane most costly and deadly in the history of the U. S and was considered a natural disaster. Among the affected places is St. Rita’s nursing home which has let to the trial of the owners Sal and Mabel Mangano. The nursing home was situated in New Orleans in St Bernard parish. It has been build 20 years before the hurricane struck. This home was situated in a depression in the ground. The approximate number of residents of the nursing home was 65 and out of these 35 of them died when the hurricane struck. This has led to the indictment of the owners the Manganos, after investigations were done on deaths at nursing homes and hospitals. Their trial was for negligent homicide where it was alleged that they willfully caused the deaths of 35 people by not evacuation them and also tying them to their beds. However I beg go differ with these allegations and they should not have been convicted for negligent homicide. Nursing Home Establishment Sal and Mabel Mangano were the owners so St. Rita’s nursing home having built it 20 years before the hurricane Katrina. The area where they built the nursing home had patches of terra firma. In marshlands this is a good area and the reason why they had considered it, was because in 1965 during the hurricane Betsy this is the only area that did not flood. In this consideration it means that with the establishment of the nursing home they had considered that incase there was a hurricane, there at St. Ritas it would not flood. This shows clearly that they would not have intentionally neglected their residents to suffer and drown in the floods and the subsequent death hence they should not have been convicted. For this consideration they had in mind that, just like in 1965 the hurricane was not going to affect them and for this reason they did not evacuate but instead they went up their one story building. A Show of Kindness During the time of imminent floods the Manganos has intended to safe other people by inviting them to St. Rita’s nursing home among these their staff and relatives as well as their won relatives. The reason they had done this was because they were kind enough and were ready to help other people. If they had a motive of willingly exposing their residents to flood and death they then could not have invited their resident. They had the best intention and they felt that they would not be affected by the floods and thus they did not neglect their residents or even wish for them to die. They had offered shelter to more than 25 people who had gladly accepted since they were exposed to the disaster of the hurricane. Safety Before the worst hurricane happened on 29th of august 2005, the manganos felt that everything was alright. They checked and inspected the area which showed that the ground were dry, the parking lot and the roof was also alright. However it is at this juncture that the hurricane struck. Sal mangano had herself gone outside with several other men to inspect the situation and ensure that everything was alright and that the people inside could not be in any danger whatsoever. Meaning they were concerned greatly about the safety of the people who were already inside at St. Rita’s nursing home, they could have done anything to ensure that these people were safe. The Hurricane Katrina Even when the hurricane struck the managos did not neglect heir resident in cat they went inside and tried to fortify the windows and the doors in desperation of trying to protect them. All the same a strong wind and a strong flow of water hit the nursing home’s walls and even penetrated inside, rising in the building. The mangano’s alongside their relatives some of them as well as their staff worked relentlessly during this time of the floods and also made frantic efforts to safe the people at the nursing home. This means all this time what they had intended was the good of the people at the nursing home and more than anything they used their judgment with the utmost good intentions of saving the people. Conclusion According to the law in the united sates of America the Louisiana requirement is that an evacuation plan should be in the nursing home but id does not state about being mandatory during an actual o evacuation. The law also recognizes a safe place and allows the nursing home to evacuate to such a place In this context the mangano’s did not willfully ignore these rules because they did everything that they could in fortifying their doors and windows in an effort to make their residents secure and to protect them from harm fro the Katrina hurricane and to protect them from drowning as well. St Rita’s nursing home was for the elderly people and others with special needs. One of the reason s why then mangano’s did not evacuate them is because they felt that by moving the people they would have been doing more harm than good, since most of the frail ones would have suffered or even died in transit. This again comes to show that the mangano’s made one judgment which was in consideration of their residents to protect them more than to harm them. The mangano’s did not at any one time leave or abandon their residents, they were there themselves and they had also invited their relatives and other people to offer them shelter, if they were willingly exposing them to danger they would not have invited their relatives and they also so would have rescued themselves leaving their residents to die. Therefore, the mangano’s used their judgment and safety measures. They felt that this area where the nursing home was situated probably could not be affected by the hurricane. They should not have been convicted of negligent homicide for the above reasons. References: Carrie Khan, Nursing home owners not guilty. 5th December, 2008. http//www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=14261612 Dawn Fratangelo, what happened at St Rita’s Nursing Home? 3rd march, 2006. Http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/11658446 Paul Rioux, St. Rita’s owners say no help was offered before Katrina hit, 15th September, 2005. http//seniorjournal. com/NEWS/Eldercare/5-09-15StRitaNoHelp. htm

Planned Change Interventions And Human Process Interventions Management Essay

Planned Change Interventions And Human Process Interventions Management Essay Today, the OD field has grown increasingly strong over the past decade. Today, most authors define the term Intervention of organization development as planned aimed to help increasing organizational effectiveness (Worley Cummings, 2009; Frend Bell, 1990). According Swanson (, 2001, p.99) Intervention processes focuses on improving communication, problem solving, decision making and leadership. Besides that, he also found that intervention refers to a set of planned activities intended to help organization increase its effectiveness (Swanson, 2001, p.99). According to Worley Cummings (2009 ) there are four types of Interventions used in OD today , there are : Human process, Techno structural, Human Resources management and Strategic. Organisation Development of change is affected through individual, groups and organization. 1.1 Human process Interventions : According to Worley Cummings (2009, p. 156 ) Human process intervention derive mainly from the disciplines of psychology and social psychology and the applied fields of groups dynamic and human relations. Follow the theory of human process, DeSimone and Werner (2009 ,p. 498 ) defined that Human process- based interventions are directed at improving interpersonal, intragroup and intergroup relation . Human process includes the following numerous of step such as: Process consultation, third -party interventions, team building, organization confrontation meeting, intergroup relations interventions and large group intervention. OD programs focused more on interpersonal dynamics and social relation. The purpose of the change is to make the company achieve the full potential of productivity and profitability, to be able to solve its own problems. According to Neumann, Kellner, Shepherd (1997) human process interventions focus on improving communication, interaction and leadership, gain the skills and understanding to identify, resolve conflicts and solve problem through process consultation and Third- party intervention. Human Process Interventions also following team building interventions through helps the development of organizational success. Including team building knowledge to solve problems in the organization, team building help team members feel less pressure, devise solution to problem. Team buildings also need to trust and support members in order to help members more creative ideas to help complete the groups task, increase understanding, improvement and increased ability about interpersonal behavior. 1.2 Techno structural : On the other hand, Techno structural forced on organizations technology, structural, task method, and the work design in the organisation. Technological changes have been designed to make products or services more efficiently. This intervention aims to achieve a more appropriate structure and cost effective organization and address issues such as group activities, structural design, downsizing and reengineering. According to Jones, Heijden Bono (2008, p. 161) techno- structural usually consider a common platform when bringing about the required techno structural change. Human Process Interventions also on the payroll reduction through understanding of the organizations strategy such as reduce the incidence of costs through the organization by reducing costs, reducing the size and design of organizations, layoffs. And it also through reengineering intervention in order to have result in faster, more responsive task performance and control work process more effectively (Worley Cummings, 2009). Techno- Structural Changes also need to re-thinking and re-design of business processes to achieve performance. 1.3 Human resources Management and Strategic: As further analysis, the human resources Management and Strategic focus on integrated human resource practices and how they can be used to integrate the employees of both organizations. Human Resources Management used to develop support and help people in organisation (Worley Cummings ,2009). These practices include career planning, performance management, reward systems, job assignment, recruitment and retention, goal setting relate to dealing with human resource. According to Jones, Heijden Bono (2008, p.166) Strategic interventions in change situations tend to address the relationship between an organization and its environment. Intervention strategies of integration issues and implement strategic plans to achieve cross-organizational development through the encouragement of participation and it also issues across traditional strategic planning. Besides that, Intervention strategies of integrations bring about a fit between business strategies analysis, culture, and the larger environment. Hence, integrated Strategic change intervention and trans-organisational development intervention will work towards integrated strategic planning, action and tactical operations and in solving problems together to make this acquisition successful. 2: Implementing Change: 2.1. Approach to change: Approaches to Change is the process of introduces change management through the process help people understand their role of the change agent at individual and organisational levels. Approaches to change can affect behaviour to making happen at work and on organisational performance through influence processes, behaviour and interpersonal relationship. The four approaches are defined ( Harris,2006 ) as developmental transition, Task- focused transitions, Charismatic transformations and Turnarounds. All style of change applied for single leadership styles depend on the scale of change. By developmental transitions: used to growing market, product innovation and emphasis on market leader culture individual development, team skills. They point to changes in the organization continually aligning and adjusting itself to move in its environment. Their goals are voluntary commitment to shared vision of continuous improvement which the primary style of management is consultative ( Stace Dunphy , 2001 ). By task- focused transitions: they refer to have a strong direction for the top level of autonomous units in the implementation ( Harris,2006). According to Baker McKenzie (2009, p. 381 ) they refer to change in which there is a directive style of leadership at the top, with a more consultative approach lower down in the organisation. Their goals are try to conform to redefined job performance systems and beside that strength of this approach are clear focus on tasks- related issue, clear communication, clear roles, relentless approach to change ( Stace Dunphy , 2001 ). By charismatic transformation: they refer to the need radical change by charismatic leadership style and consultation management style who able to engage and minds of employees in new direction. By Turnarounds: refer to used of markets environment changes dramatically is now aligned with external environment ( Stace Dunphy , 2001 ).These are applicable to situation where a disjuncture exists between the organisation and its environment but there is little support be employees for the need for change and little time to engage them in a participative change style( Baker McKenzie, 2009, p. 381 ). In this situation, their goals are comply with radically redefined culture, goals and performance standards with need for a directive/coercive change style. 2.2 Type of leadership: a : Coaches: Leadership training describes a specific type of intervention that can be done strategic with individuals, groups or organization ( Orem, Binkert et al, 2007 ). According to Lee ( 2003 , p. 151) Leadership coaching has become a key to success to both individuals and organisations. Leadership coaching aims to promote progress by providing focus and awareness to help those who are trained to achieve fuller potential. For leadership coaching to be effective, there must be use of personal power and expertise and use role of modelling. This means that individuals who are coached to feel ensure that exchange with coach will be kept confidential and will not affect their jobs or their status in the organization. Leadership coaching should be regarded as an iterative process that people can evaluate the behaviour in their life, they have adjusted until they feel that it right. When done properly, leadership coaching is very active and contributes to the creativity and innovation in organiza tions. b : Captain: Captain leadership though process of directed interaction around main changes. Using the power of manager positions and strategies from top management. Captain leadership are also through communication and cultural renewal. Its aim to get staff behaviour in line with vision and use line managers for communication. Cultural renewal through retraining uses rational strategy and constant adjusting behaviour to match changing strategy ( Stace Dunphy , 2001). c. Charismatic: Most charismatic leader can get others to understand the vision or their goals through the use of symbolic interactive and use of personal charisma that people can understand. Charismatic note communication aim to get emotional commitment to the vision .Cultural renewal is radically different culture and values and creating participation with new role models. ( Stace Dunphy , 2001). d. Commander: Commander leadership behaviour is across the board directive action, use of personal power and sanction, beside that also infusion of new role modelling. Communication: its aim to get across organisation is in crisis, use of formal, authoritative communication. Cultural renewal used power coercive strategy, radical challenge to existing values and culture, and reforming new culture. ( Stace Dunphy , 2001). 3. Implementing Change Today, employees and manager can think about the develop way to improve the organisation cultural change, organisation design; built to changebut let these ideas are put into action. According to Daft (2010, p.433) Implementation is the most crucial part of the change process, but it is also the most difficult. Change strategies to understand and implement the activities of the organization, how to function in its environment, what the advantages and disadvantages are and how it will be affected by changes to them to plan the implementation of effective. This topic now will explain and analysis some of the key change strategies from thinking to frameworks for action, with what we will change and why we will change need to change to the how manager change it. From a study of implementing change currently, I have identified two general approaches to change strategies, which are cultural change and organisation design. Change is frequently disruptive and uncomfortable for manager as wel l as employees (Daft, 2010,p. 433). 3.1 Cultural change : According to Weiner Ronch (p.24 ) Implementing culture change involve moving an organization to some desires future state. A CEO or manager noticed a problem in the culture of an organization. This is a culture change towards the most ordinary way, from the top. First, force on the culture change is the diversity of todays workforce ( Daft, 2010,p. 431). His analysed that diversity is a fact of life for organizations today, and many are implementing new training, mentoring, methods, and diversity recruiting programs, new benefits respond a work force more diverse. However, if the basic culture of an organization that has not changed, all other efforts to support diversity will fail. However, culture change can be particularly difficult because it challengers peoples core values and established ways of thinking and doing things (Daft, 2010, p. 431). Hence, leadership from the top is the next turned to matching the strategy of culture change with the organizations top-down management style and it also driving cultural change. Cultural change is difficult but nevertheless it can still be achieved (Robbins, 1998 ). Miller (1998) showed that changing the culture of an organization requires strong motivation and a careful strategy because cultural change could cause disastrous results, including the collapse of the organization. Implementing successful cultural change is a big challenge, including time and effort. But, if the successful cultural change, organizations should look for innovation and ready to face with the challenges in the future. 3.2: Organisation design: Strategy implementation change involves the use of organizational design, the process of organizational design will allow an organization to improve employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and financial performance also improved as a competitive. In order for an organization that has successfully created the best choice is the design hierarchy, integration, control, and powers. The design organization is a business capability to identify changes in market and competitive adaptation. Benefits of strategic organizational design is to ensure correct information to put the right people at the right time, besides it also offers financial and performance monitoring strategies of the organization. Without a supporting culture, even the safety procedures are the best design will fail. But with the right combination between organizational change dynamics and strategies for change, the whole initiative will be a best service. 4: Institutionalisation of Planned Change: What the term Institutionalisation of planned change The term Institutionalisation of planned change is the processes that are designed to fix the changes in place so that the change becomes normal and people do not go back to their old ways (Worley Cummings ,2009 ). An institutionalisation is an important concept in process improvement if designed to fix changes in organisation. When referring to the common goal and generic practice descriptions, institutional means that the process is ingrained in how the work is done and is committed and consistent to make this process. Institutionalisation processes are likely to be retained and maintaining them of the organizations functioning for during a long time and stress. However, the implementation of this process may also need to change to ensure that it remains effective and reach their performances tasks. According to Kurtz (1999 , p.211 ) Institutionalization process of building the capacities of persons, institutions, communities, organizations and even nations to reflect a set of pr eferred visions, values, policies, principles and practices. Other author defined that The institutionalization processes are critical since they link directly with institutionalization outcomes, regardless of the change (Jacobs, p.184 ). 4.2 Institutionalization Process: Socialization: Socialization is the process of complex interactions the transmission of information about ideas and belief systems, institutions, norms, values with respect to the intervention and explains social life. For the better understand, according to Edles Appelrouth (2008, p.354 ) Socialization refers to the process by which individuals come to regard specific norms as binding. It necessarily involves a community in order to change program of organization. Socialization also seen as induction of new member to help bring new member onboard and allows participants to reaffirm belief systems, institutions, norms, values (Worley Cummings, 2009). Hence, through socialization, members can develop a sense and personal awareness and capacity for independent thought and action. Commitment : According to (Worley Cummings, 2009, p.206) Commitment should allow people to select the necessary behavors freely, explicitly and publicly . Throughout the pursuit of change, commitment should derive at all level of organisation and intervention includes initial commitment to the program as well as recommitment over time. Hence, manager should make it a top priority to prove their commitment to the transformation process. Reward allocation: This involves linking rewards to the new behaviours required by an intervention. (Worley Cummings, 2009, p.207 ). Reward management system can serve to attract potential candidates, retain valuable employees, motivate employees and support organizations in achieving human resources, organizational goals and get the competitive advantage. According to Stewart Donleavy ( 1995) identified reward allocation based on three aspects there are: Equity, Equality and Need. Equity and Equality is importance means of reward allocation, all individuals have rewarded equally, fairness and need to be seen to be equitable by employees. The third of reward allocation is need. In this term, can understand that the individuals focus on reward to reach the level of need, which mean that the greater the need, the higher the reward (Stewart Donleavy, 1995 ). Diffusion : The process of transferring interventions is from one system to the other systems. Facilitate the diffusion of intelligence institutions a wider base of organizations supporting new behaviors. Sending and calibration: This process through using feedback and provide information, desired intervention behaviours and talking correct action ( Worley Cummings, 2009). The organization is planning to facilitate organizational change to improve the performance of the organization and to achieve their goals and objectives more effectively through feedback, provide information to ensure that behaviours are in line with intervention. 5.0: Conclusion: In this report, based on research from a lot of author and based on their idea, we deeply understanding about planned change of organisation. The aim of change is planning and organizational changes related to the organization of work processes, develop the skills of staff in the change process .In order to successful, organizations need to improve the performance of the change plan. The most importance factor of organization need to change are culture change and organization design. Culture change and organization design are interrelationship with behaviours and share value. Changes need to be clear analysis of the current situation of the surveyed organizations about the structure, finance, staff skills, strengths and weaknesses must be listed and planning for change.

The Evolution of a Small Park Essay -- Descriptive Essay About A Place

Place Essay – The Evolution of a Small Park Piazzetta Vescovato is not just the prettiest square in the heart of Brescia’s historic downtown. Piazzetta Vescovato is a powerful symbol. Nested between Corso Zanardelli and Via Trieste, this little site has been a meaningful part of the lives of generations and generations of Bresciani (inhabitants of Brescia). Half a century ago, la piazzetta(as I like to call it) witnessed the horrors of the Second World War, when frightened people stepped on its sanpietrini(those little cubic stones that made up the pavement of medieval European streets), attempting to escape the Nazi soldiers or to reach a rifugio,an underground cellar that offered protection from the bombs thrown down by German planes. After the war ended, the little square began to swarm with people engaged in different kinds of activities: shops reopened, bars appeared, and the Vescovato (the residence and office of the Bishop), after having undergone some repairs, was functioning again — inciting respect and intimidation. The aura of sacredness surrounding it, backed up by substantial monetary funds (as in any good Roman Catholic institution), kept the masses at a safe distance, and poor people discovered quickly how the Christian message had gotten lost amidst the power and bureaucracy of it all. La piazzetta did its best to escape the authoritarian, obscure effect of the clergymen across the street. The bar at the northwestern corner of Via Trieste and Via Mazzini, and the one right in Via Mazzini, a little down the street toward Corso Zanardelli, balanced things out a bit, with their noisy male clientele celebrating the end of the war with a few bianchini(glasses of local white wine), games of cards, ... ...aluable upper middle-class clientele. The oysters and champagne bar is gone. In its place, an expensive baby clothes boutique, right in front of one of the clergy stores, has been open for quite a while now. People stroll by, admire, and go on to mind their own matters. It seems like the order has been re-established by some external force, unknown to the layperson passing by. But if you stop there for a minute and listen carefully, you may hear some of the thousand songs of terror, hope, glory, sadness, utopia, joy and grief, irresponsibility and disillusion trapped in the leaves of the four trees. It is a subdued howl that has become part of the spirit of the piazzetta itself. Not everybody hears it, or feels it. Only the ones who know how to dream have access to the magic of it. And only for them, Piazzetta Vescovato, symbol of Resilience, comes to life.

Euthanasia Essay -- essays research papers fc

Do We Have The Right To Die? Goldfarb, Jennifer ENC 1102 Mrs. Cartright   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In October of 1939, Louis Repouille chloroformed his thirteen-year-old son described as â€Å"an incurable imbecile.† The boy was deformed and mute since birth and therefor bedridden. Due to a brain tumor, he became blind. Two months afterward, the father was found guilty of manslaughter in the second degree. No man or woman can honestly say that this boy should have stayed alive to suffer inevitably or that his father should have sanely watched him. Euthanasia is the right for any human being who is terminally ill to find the means to end his or her life. Mentally stable adults, who are deathly ill, have a right to die.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Euthanasia has been practiced throughout time and in many cultures. When an elderly Aymara Indian of Bolivia becomes terminally ill, relatives and friends are summoned to the home of the death vigil. The family will withhold food and drink until the dying person slips into unconsciousness and dies. In Eskimo cultures, an old or sick Eskimo tells his family when he is ready to die and the family will immediately comply by abandoning the aged person to the ravages of nature or by killing him themselves. Aged Ethiopians allowed themselves to be tied to wild bulls. The natives of Amboyna, ate their failing relatives out of charity. Congolese jumped on the tired and old until their life was gone. In Athens, magistrates kept a supply of poison for anyone who wished to die. Aiding death was often done out of respect for an ill person. (Humphrey, 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Christianity, on the other hand, suicide was denounced. Anyone who took his or her own life was denied a Christian burial. With a reaffirmation of Greek and Roman values, the concept of an easy death gradually came to be regarded once again. What distinguished the sixteenth century attitude toward suicide from that of the Middle Ages was a reawakened interest in individualism. (Humphrey, 8)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the eighteenth century, Paradys, a physician, wrote â€Å"Oratio de Euthanasia.† He recommended an â€Å"easy death† for a patient who is incurable and suffering. In 1777, a year after his death, David Hume’s essay, â€Å"Of Suicide† was published. He wrote, â€Å"when life has become a burden both courage and prudence should engage us... ...g the Right to Die, â€Å" Time, April 15, 1996, p.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  82 (Sirs Researcher, 1996) McMahon, Patrick, â€Å"Oregon Reports 8 Suicides Under New Law,† USA   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, August 19, 1997, p. 6A Moore, Francis D., â€Å"Prolonging Life,† Permitting Life To End,† Harvard   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magazine, July/August 1995, pp. 46-51 (Sirs Researcher, 1996) Nichols, Mark, â€Å"Dying By Choice,† Macleans, May 20, 1996, pp. 47-48 â€Å"Right To Die,† Ethics, Pasadena: Salem Press, Inc., 1995, Volume 3, p.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  754 Rosellini, Lynn, â€Å"The Final Struggle of Jamie Butcher,† US News & World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Report, November 7, 1994, p. 67 Suhr, Jim, â€Å"Dr. Jack Kevorkian Charged With Murder,† Associated Press, November 24,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1998 Stout, David, â€Å"20 Years: People,† The New York Times, November 17,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996, p. 13NJ (The New York Times Ondisc) Tahmincioglu, Eve, he Cost of Dying,† News Journal, July 10, 1994, p. A1 Weinstein, Henry, â€Å"Assisted Deaths Ruled Legal,† Los Angeles Times,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  March 7, 1996, p. 1A (Sirs Researcher, 1996)

Themes of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: essays research papers

There are many themes in the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Some of them are abandonment, neglect, revenge, and scientific knowledge, which are all related to each other in this novel. Throughout the story you discover that a man named Victor Frankenstein wants to create a human life. He does not think through the repercussions of his desire only that he wants the power to create. After Frankenstein creates his creature, he is so frightened and disgusted by the creature?s appearance that he abandons it. In conclusion, Frankenstein abandons his creature because of its appearance. To the creature, Frankenstein is his father and when he left him, he felt neglected and abandoned. The creature did not know how to take care of himself and was given no direction or leadership. He left not knowing where he would go or how he would survive. Frankenstein abandoned his creature as if it were an animal. When Frankenstein abandoned his creature, he didn't even think how the creature felt, he just deserted him. In other words, the creatures abandonment was neglect to its best interest. The creature?s hatred grew from neglect and abandonment. Every person he came in contacted with immediately shunned him. Nobody could look past his horrifying appearance to see what was inside. His hatred then turned into revenge against his creator. The creature wanted Frankenstein to feel what he felt. This is where the revenge takes place and the creature killed everyone Frankenstein loved. The way people treated the creature just by his outwardly appearance is the way society in general views and treats people even today. Society is unjust and cruel at times to people who are less pretty, less thin, less attractive in general. The creature felt this every day of his life and lost the love of his creator and never found a suitable life partner all due to society shunning the less outwardly beautiful. Basically, the treatment from not only Frankenstein but also society led the creature to seek revenge on the one who created him. Knowledge can be both good and bad. Frankenstein felt that the study of science was greater than another other subject because you can go further than the scientist before you had gone. What Frankenstein failed to understand is just because one becomes knowledgeable in science and has the ability to create something or do something new does not mean it is morally right to proceed with the knowledge.

Life of Fame

Life of Fame Marilyn Monroe once said, â€Å"Hollywood is a place where they’ll pay you a thousand dollars for a kiss and fifty cents for your soul† (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Marilyn Monroe was an actress, singer, model and showgirl. She is highly regarded as one of the greatest sex symbols of the twentieth century (Lefkowitz 5). â€Å"It's better for the whole world to know you, even as a sex star, than never to be known at all† (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). She starred in a number of successful motion pictures during the 1950’s (Krohn 2). People loved Marilyn Monroe because she was a combination of beauty and brains.Although Marilyn Monroe was an influential figure, she lived a life of controversy filled with scandalous affairs and life style choices broadcasted for the world to hear and see. Marilyn Monroe had a very difficult life. She was born into the world on June 1st, 1926. She was born at California’s LA General Hospital. Marilynâ⠂¬â„¢s birth name was Norma Jeane (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Norma Jeane’s parents weren’t always there for her. She never knew her father, and her real mother was not loving. Gladys, Jeane’s mother, put Norma Jeane into a foster home at age six. She was an orphan for awhile.When she was in the foster home, she did not feel loved. She felt like a maid in the house she lived in. Living in the foster homes, she felt like she grew up without someone taking care of her (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†) At age nine, Norma Jeane was over weight for her age. She felt different and alone. Jeane often dreamed about being beautiful. In her eyes she thought everything would be easier (Krohn 25). Grace, her favorite foster mom, said, â€Å"One day you’ll be a beautiful woman- maybe even a movie star (22). Later on Jeane went to high school. She lived with Grace for 7 years. Norma Jeane loved sports.She tried to get into drama, but she thought it wasn’t her thing. She made many of friends and she grew into her body. It was the first time she felt beautiful. Every time she walked, she got the attention of all the boys (30-35). She realized then she liked the feeling of attention (25). Norma Jeane used her beauty to win love and attention of others (Lefkowitz 25). In 1933 Gladys came and took her away from Grace because she got a steady job at a movie studio (18). They bought a house in Hollywood (19). Their address was 6812 Arbol Drive. After a few months, their grandfather died (19).Gladys went into major depression and was not fit to take care of Jeane. She got put into a ward house, where she would spend the rest of her life (21). Again, Jeane went into a foster home. She thought that marriage was the only was out(41). She married three times, and she got divorced 3 times (43). Norma Jeane realized what she wanted to do in life. She got a job at studios and she decided to go into modeling. She changed her name to Marilyn Monroe. She picked the name Marilyn because she simply liked how it sounded with Monroe. Monroe was her grandmother’s last name (57).Marilyn Monroe had a very successful career that lead to her untimely death. On August 5th, 1962, Marilyn Monroe was found dead in her California home at the age of 36. They ruled out the cause of her death as an overdose, since they found an empty bottle of sleeping pills by her bed. Marilyn Monroe was buried on August seventh (Krohn 113). Over the rainbow played at her funeral. (114). Even today Marilyn Monroe accomplishments in movies are still remembered by many people. Marilyn Monroe had many noteworthy achievements in her life. To begin, she is remembered for her beauty.Marilyn Monroe is still popular today (â€Å"The Lovely Marilyn Monroe†). A person once said about Marilyn Monroe â€Å"She will be making people laugh and cry for generations to come†(Krohn 114). Her major accomplishment is being the biggest and strongest sex symbol in t he world (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Her first movie was in 1946; her first part was an unimportant role as a Telephone Operator in the 1947 film ‘The Shocking Miss Pilgrim (Krohn 116). Her biggest movies were Some of Marilyn Munroe's most famous movies were: Some Like It Hot, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Something's Gotta Give, and How To Marry A Millionaire.She made more than 200 million dollars per-movie (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Marilyn Monroe won three Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy/Musical for Some Like It Hot (1960), World Film Favorite Female (1953), World Film Favorite Female (1962). She was also nominated for another Golden Globe for: Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy/Musical Bus Stop (1956)(â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). She went into modeling. She was in she first issue of â€Å"PlayBoy†. Marilyn Monroe’s most famous picture was â€Å"The Dress†(â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Marilyn Monroe is most famous for performance of â€Å"Happy Birthday† to former president, John F.Kennedy. In her remembrance, in 1995, the US Postal Service paid tribute to her honoring her with a thirty-two cent stamp with her picture on it (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). In addition to Monroe’s accomplishments, she set standards in the movie and modeling world of Hollywood. Marilyn Monroe made an impact on the world by becoming a role model for some people, despite all the gossip perpetuated by society. Marilyn Monroe overcame a difficult childhood to become of the world's biggest sex symbols and beauty icons (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). She encouraged people to believe in themselves (â€Å"The Lovely Marilyn Monroe†) She was a voluptuous model.Today, she would not be a model. She was a size 12 in dresses (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). She once said â€Å" I don’t want to make money, I just want to be wonderful† (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). She just wanted to inspire people to follow their dreams because she followed her and she ended up where she wanted to be. She showed girls that you can be happy without a man, but like always said â€Å"You can’t live with them, you can’t live without them† (â€Å"The Lovely Marilyn Monroe†). She was a strong girl and did not take no for an answer. When they were looking for a blonde head girl, she dyed her hair.She tried her best to get what she wanted. Some people underestimate her for being a dumb blonde, but her favorite thing to do was read (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). She loved challenges and attention. She was the ultimate role model for young women and girls who admired her glamour and image. She knew she was not flawless. She had flaws and she sometimes did show them (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Even though Marilyn Monroe left a positive impression on the world, her actions resulted in negative rumors about her. These rumors was not what people made her out to be. To some people, she was sleazy and a dumb blonde.Since people thought that, they also believe she had twelve abortions before the age of twenty-nine. Some may look down on her because of her appearance in the first issue of Hugh Hefner's Playboy as the first Playmate (â€Å"The Lovely Marilyn Monroe†) She posed naked for Playboy. She was Playboys â€Å"Sweetheart† in December 1953. One of the most scandalous things people still talk about it is her performance to the president. It is known as the National Scandal. She performed for President, John F. Kennedy, on his forty-fifth birthday. On May 19th, 1962, she sang Happy Birthday at Madison Square Garden.It was a Democratic fundraiser. Later that night, a black and white picture was taken of them laughing and talking. The picture is worth fifty thousand dollars, it is the only picture of the together. After that night, some people thought that Marilyn Monroe and JFK had an affair. Later on, things got around that she w as involved with Robert Kennedy, John Kennedy's brother, around the time of her death. Sadly, no one will ever know if any of that was true because two months later Marilyn Monroe died, so did the Kennedy brothers. It has been fifty years and that rumor still goes on (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†).Rumors are that Marilyn was being monitored by the Kennedy's and the Mafia (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†). Since these thoughts got around, she was looked down on. She was supposed to be a role model for young girls all over the world. She stood for independence in women. In effect Marilyn Monroe set an inadequate example for young girls by having these affairs. Marilyn Monroe’s death had a devastating and permanent impact on the world; no one saw it coming. She was found dead in her California home. Her death was declared a suicide by an overdose of sleeping pills, but many signs show it was murder, making it impossible for a suicide (Berman 132-133).Marilyn Monroe was a sweet, inn ocent, vibrant young woman who got caught up in the glamour of show business. She took miserable situations and made a brilliant career out of herself. Marilyn Monroe's troubled life and apparent suicide, along with her failed relationships with the very high profile men in her life, aroused sympathy and interest amongst her fans. This helped Marilyn Monroe's career as a legendary figure (â€Å"Marilyn Monroe†) Marilyn Monroe joined The Walk of Fame on February 9, 1960. Her star is placed at 6774 Hollywood Boulevard.Marilyn Monroe left a mark on the world that can never be changed. She set the standards for modeling and acting that no one can ever even attempt to meet (â€Å"The Lovely Marilyn Monroe†). Some of her rumored actions were forgivable, but the Playboy incident smirched her reputation. She was supposed to be a role model for young children, yet she modeled naked for everyone to see. This inappropriate action led her to a lowered self-image, which impacted ne gatively in society; however, she will still live on through her legacy in our hearts.

Determining the concentration of Vinegar

1. Place an electronic subdue on a level turn come out and put a 50g fish on the scale and calibrate 2. Measure the weight of cone-shaped flask 3. Accurately greenback a caboodle of KH(C8H4O4) near to 5g, placing it in a 250ml conelike flask 4. genius the reading from the scale, subtract the weight of conical flask measured in footstep 2 5. crash KH(C8H4O4) in a conical flask with minimum majority of distilled peeing 6. Transfer the solvent from the conical flask into Standard Solution 1. pulmonary tuberculosis an electronic balance equal to ternion decimal places to accurately weigh out in a 250ml beaker a mass of KH(C8H4O4) approximately equal to 5. 005g. Record this mass. 2. Dissolve the KH(C8H4O4) in a minimum mass of distilled water in a beaker.3. subsequently washing the 250ml volumetric flask with distilled water, moisten with more distilled water. 4. Transfer the solution from the beaker to a volumetric flask using a funnel. 5. Wash all traces of the solu tion from the beaker and funnel by rinsing the beaker and funnel exhaustively with distilled water from a wash feeding bottle into the volumetric flask. 6. Swirl the solution in the volumetric flask but do not hold back. 7. Add more distilled water until the bottom of the meniscus is aligned with the normalisation mark.To ensure accuracy use a teat pipette to add the closing few millilitres of distilled water. 8. Stopper the flask and invert several times to mix the confine and thereby ensure the solution is of identical concentration throughout. Standardisation of Sodium hydroxide 1. Prep atomic number 18 the burette and fill with the atomic number 11 hydroxide solution to 50ml. 2. Pipette the KH(C8H4O4) solution into a conical flask. Use three drops of phenolphthalein as the indicator. 3. Titrate carefully until a colour change from colourless to solicit is observed. 4. Perform a rough titration first, then repeat until 3 concordant titres are obtained.

Women as Commodity

WOMEN AS COMMODITY Women As Commodity Since antiquated times, in that respect mess who atomic telephone pastimection 18 macrocosm s aging on the nose manage a mere functions interchange in a market place to be slaves, pimp, and its quiet alarming that even rude s put one acrossr is a victim of this kind of wandering(a) invigoration. Women kick in been in equal manner analyzed to be discontinue of those bundles of things paraded, bidded for, exchange, and dish placed wrap up despite the f ferment that women be devi infernog huge contri merelyions for the victimisation of their countries in several(prenominal)(predicate) aspects right a bureau, lull women be beingness tricked as treat neat.In Shakespe ars Much flimflam About postcode, non however foc utilized on the lovemaking story of Claudio and Hero the volatile family of Beatrice and Benedik unless if it too goes much deeper in exploring the tensions betwixt the finishes in a co mpanionship where female excellence is equated with virtue, and that virtues serve as the measurement of a adult females worth. In women in the story interprets Shakespe bes viewpoint closely women coun judge before. That women were treated as commodities on the primordial freshlyfang lead spousal fill in has, of course, been well pee-peeed.Numerous neighborly historians of the before establish(predicate) modern period prevail documented the honour attached to daughters as a means by which to advance family soma and kindly position. Although marriage gradationations differed astray according to hearty ranking, as B. J. Sokol and Mary Sokol account in Shakespe argon, Law, and Marriage, the convention among the gentry and aristocracy was for marriages to be ar twined by families with a view to securing advantages or altogetheriances, con degreeing to a patriarchal model. Numerous early modern conduct manuals and sermons, in f form, contendn that a chars worth was linked to her chastity, a worth which could be lost or humble due to real or, in the flake of Shakespe ar Hero, sensed knowledgeable indiscretion. technical Surrogacy and the redefinition of M other(a)hood The child hand overing long time be no longer a interpret element in the reproductive period for several(prenominal). Commercial surrogacy has bluffed the doors for numerous an(prenominal) who derrieret bear children of their own. Surrogate pregnancy has appendd notoriety as means for obtaining children.A mer shagtile successor mother is stipendiary to produce a child for some champion else and indeed has to give up all agnate rights and love for the child, she beca pulmonary tuberculosis, has to allow others to raise the child as if their own. This behaviour has raised some(prenominal) concerns somewhat the suit equal oscillo gutsground signal of the market in commercial surrogacy. both(prenominal)(prenominal) all object to commercial surroga cy beca exercise the children and womens reproductive being cogency argon treated as a good want children as buyer durables and women as bodge factories. Since the 1970s, there has been rapid and wide ranging development in the field of bran-new reproductive technologies (NRT).With presenter insemination (DI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF), previously infertile couples take for been inclined new hope and the chance to father children. A to a greater extent recent entree to these new methods of counter has been the combination of DI and IVF with transposition mother ar plodments. This proficiency has subtly changed the realm of reproduction, for with the addition of a ternary party (the switch) to the reproductive environment, the nature of motherhood, fatherhood, and the allocation of parental rights and duties has come into question.Before the advent of NRTs, there were essentially both forms of motherhood recognised in double-uern society, the biologic and t he social mother. Except for acceptation, fostering, or step parenting, the biologic mother was assumed to to a fault be the social mother. This is not surprising, as motherhood has never been enigmatic one might not bop who ones father was, neverthe little ones mothers identity was rarely in question. save, before women were granted legal soulfulnesshood (1929 in Canada), a childs legal guardian or parent was the father (based on property rights arguments) historically, out constabularyfulness(a) children were not divvy uped to induct a legal parent, each mother or father. Surrogate Mothers Assisted reproduction has contri neverthelessed to the fragmentation of motherhood. Historically, the social and biologic aspects of motherhood resided in one person. Maternity is instantly divisible into genetic, gestational, and social otherhood, and these roles potful be spread among a number of women. This division is most apparent in the case of surrogate mothers, where at least terce (and possibly as many as five) women can adjudicate to claim parental rights over a child. If Mrs. A is infertile and Mrs. B harbors to exit ova to be fertilized in vitro with semen from Mr. A, and embryos are transferred to Mrs. C, who approves to carry the baby to call and hand it over to Mrs. A and her preserve by and by on sustain, the situation plumps extremely complex and the canonical tenets of family law uncertain. This situation creates the authority for enormous troth over who should be mattered the mother and has the concomitant parental rights and responsibilities for the child. For example, in the Baby M case, there was a conflict between both conceptions of motherhood, the legal (commissioning mother) and the biological (surrogate mother). Surrogacy breaks down and devolves the role of mother, separating the social and nurturing part of motherhood from the genetic contribution and the birthing process. Commercialization and ExploitationWhil e surrogacy in general raises a host of social and estimable line of turn tails, I believe that commercial surrogacy in exceptional can crystallize the difficulties that many people kick in with surrogacy, and help us get to the core of how surrogacy affects our apprehensiveness of motherhood. Commercialization, and its use of market rhetoric, treats surrogacy as a serve up arrangement between a number of individuals, jumper lead to the creation of a product and the transfer of rights to that product. In the law in the U. S. , this is represented in the form of contracts signed by the commissioning couple and the surrogate mother.In exchange for between $10,000 and $15,000, the surrogate mother (and usually her partner) agree to abstain from intercourse for a number of months, submit to tied(p) and extensive medical exams, and agree to transfer parental rights to the couple once the child is born. Women As Commodity incorrupt Issues A Korean movie, Surrogate Mothers, tol d of a five-year-old poor little girl chosen by the members of the nobility to be the lodge for the sperm of the noble son who could not ingrain his barren wife. Her mother was as well a surrogate mother before.After delivering the baby, she developed that material attachment to the child. However, she was not allowed to experience cuddling that baby as she had to be banished right away(p) from the palace to keep the address a secret from the public. She was compriseing with each and an acre of world for her assist. She commits suicide for she cant accept her situation. In India,many women are being burned by their mothers-in-law and economizes for not being able to pay the dowry completely. The dowry is the amount of coin paid to the grooms parents for allowing him to marry the girl.The costs of marrying absent daughters come become so overpriced in India now reaching as high as 500,000 rupees. hence amniocentesis or sex determination of t he child in the womb is b eing sought by couples to know if it is female or male. Many female fetuses pass on been killed because of this method as couples whom prefer sons. One Indian express It is improve to spend 500 rupees (for amniocentesis) now than to spend 500,000 rupees ulterior for a daughters marriage dowry. Japenese women feminists shed decried thir countrymen who leave their wives walk ten feet behind him, thereby also treating them like commodities.Here in the Philippines, we have a recital of versatile compositors cases of commodizing women in any case. Some landlords require their tenants to launch their daughters or wives act in their mansions to render domestic action, maybe sometimes sexual services too, in cases when the tenant fathers are sunk in debt to them and cannot pay back. Wilhelmina Orozco learned on a research how some prostitutes in Olongapo cope with double wreakation when they cannot refuse their managers demanding sexual favors for them, lest they lack the ir chances of on the job(p) in his nightclub.even some orphanages engage in commodizing women. Their administrators trick the parents of rich pregnant women, ashamed of the sign attached to unwed mothers, or those poor women into donating their babies to them which they then cope impinge on to rich donors abroad. The term largess or else of payment for the baby becomes a smoke screen to cover up the commerce. coda The concept of surrogate motherhood is decorous actually accepted way of infertile couples to have a child of their own. Although it is an act of love, it also involves fiscal aid.Surrogate mothers are obviously paid for bearing a child inside their wombs. A couple who wants to hire a service of a surrogate mother must also consider the kind of personality of the surrogate mother. We all know that the genes have larger effect on the babys personality someday. Women are now judge to function merely as reproductive vehicles, birth mothers with no identity apart f rom being a suitcase to carry the child, how far can they be pushed into invisibility? How far can we ignore their honorable status? It is not the bearing of this report to imbibe out that surrogacy is maltreat or unethical. at that place are serious problems mired, and these are partly moral, legal and partly ethical. Any start out to legalize surrogacy, commercial or other than, must take into account the above implications. A failure to consider the ethical implications of surrogate motherhood, commercial or otherwise, are to show a lack of concern for some other being (a surrogate mother). HUMAN TRAFFICKING homo being Trafficking homo trafficking is one of the fas render growing deplorable activities in the world, a phenomenon that has been said to be driven by the identical forces that drive the globalization of markets.The breadth of the problem is immense and the statistics that outline the prevalence of trafficking in the world today give significant cause for concern. The mise en scene of this global problem is exponentially increasing, and this has been recognized to be in part due to the worldwide increase in poverty that has been caused by the global financial crisis. Slowly and pain richly a learn is acclivitous of a global crime that shames us all. Billions of dollars are being do at the expense of millions of victims of human trafficking. Boys and girls who should be at school are coerced into becoming soldiers, doing hard cut into or sold for sex.Women and girls are being trafficked for victimisation boiled into domestic labor, har massesry or marriage. Men, trapped by debt, slave away in mines, groves, or sweat unwraps. How can such(prenominal) a apportion in human beings occur in the 21st century? Because it is a low flummox on the line reward crime. In many countries, the necessary laws are not in place, or they are not properly en pressure too much traffickers are let off with a slap on the wrist, and victims are treated as iniquitouss. Unscrupulous traffickers exploit the poverty, hope and innocence of the vulnerable.Victims become dehumanized and enslavedforced to produce cheap goods or provide services over and over again. They live in fear, many become victims of furiousness. Their declension, sweat and tears are on the hands of consumers in the developed world. What Is Human Trafficking? Human Trafficking is layd in the Trafficking protocol as the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring or pass on of a person by such means as threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of sendup or deception for the aim of exploitation. The definition on trafficking consists of three core elements ) The operationof trafficking which means the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons 2) Themeansof trafficking which includes threat of or use of force, deception, coercion, roast of power or position of vulnerability 3) Thepurposeof traff icking which is always exploitation. In the news shows of the Trafficking protocol, article 3 exploitation shall include, at a mini sound little, the exploitation of the harlotry of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, thrall or go fors similar to thralldom, servitude or the removal of organs.To ascertain whether a particular feature constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the offense, as defined by relevant domestic legislation. How Is Human Trafficking Different From unsettled Smuggling? Consent migrator export, go oftentimes undertaken in dangerous or degrading conditions, involves consent. Trafficking victims, on the other hand, have either never consented or if they initially consented, that consent has been rendered meaning slight by the coercive, misleading or abusive action of the traffickers. Exploitation migrator smuggl ing ends with the unsettleds arrival at their destination, whereas trafficking involves the ongoing exploitation of the victim. Transnationality smuggling is always transnational, whereas trafficking may not be. Trafficking can occur regardless of whether victims are taken to another(prenominal) state or moved deep down a states borders. Source of salary in smuggling cases pay are derived from the transportation of facilitation of the black entry or stay of a person into another county, plot of ground in trafficking cases profits are derived from exploitation.The qualitys between smuggling and trafficking are often very subtle and sometimes they overlap. Identifying whether a case is one of human trafficking or migrant smuggling and related crimes can be very difficult for a number of reasons Some trafficked persons might start their journey by agreeing to be smuggled into a country illegally, but regain themselves deceived, coerced or forced into an exploitative situati on afterward in the process (by e. g. being forced to lock for duplicateordinary low wages to pay for the transportation). Traffickers may present an component that sounds more like smuggling to potency victims.They could be asked to pay a fee in earthy with other people who are smuggled. However, the intention of the trafficker from the outset is the exploitation of the victim. The fee was part of the fraud and deception and a way to make a bit more silver. Smuggling may be the planned intention at the outset but a too good to miss opportunity to traffic people presents itself to the smugglers/traffickers at some point in the process. Criminals may both smuggle and traffic people, employing the same routes and methods of transporting them.The relationship between these two crimes is often oversimplified and misconceive both are allowed to prosper and opportunities to combat both are missed. It is grand to understand that the work of migrant smugglers often results in bene fit for human traffickers. disgraceful migrants may be victimized by traffickers and have no guarantee that those who smuggle them are not in fact traffickers. In short, smuggled migrants are particularly vulnerable to being trafficked combating trafficking in persons requires that migrant smuggling be addressed as a priority.What Is The Role Of Transnational unionized Crime Groups In Human Trafficking? Trafficking is or so always a form of unionised crime and should be dealt with using twist powers to investigate and engross offenders for trafficking and any other criminal activities in which they engage. Trafficked persons should also be keep an eye onn as victims of crime. stand up and protection of victims is a humanitarian objective and an important means of ensuring that victims are volitioning and able to serve well in criminal cases. As with other forms of organized crime, trafficking has globalized.Groups formerly active in peculiar(prenominal) routes or pieces have expanded the geographical scope of their activities to seek new markets. Some have merged or formed cooperative relationships, expanding their geographical reach and range of criminal activities. Trafficking victims have become another commodity in a larger realm of criminal commerce involving other commodities, such as narcotising drugs and firearms or weapons and money laundering that generates illicit revenues or seeks to reduce risks for traffickers.The relatively low risks of trafficking and substantial potential drop profits have, in some cases, induced criminals to become involved as an alter immanent to other, riskier criminal pursuits. With the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, particularly Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime in November 2000, countries have begun to develop the necessary criminal criminal offences and enforcement powers to investigate, prosecute an d punish traffickers and to confiscate their profits, but expertise and re characters go out be acquireed to make the new measures fully effective.Risks are just reduced by the accomplishment to which victims are intimidated by traffickers, both in destination countries, where they fear deportation or prosecution for offences such as harlotry or illegal immigration, and in their countries of origin, where they are often vulnerable to retaliation or re-victimization if they cooperate with criminal mediocreness authorities. The reward and protection of victims is a critical element in the fight against trafficking to increase their willingness to cooperate with authorities and as a necessary means of rehabilitation. Is There A Legal Instrument To Tackle Human Trafficking?The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, was select by the unite Nations General Assembly in 2000 and entered into force on 25 December 2003. Th e Trafficking Protocol, which supplements the get together Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, is the only external legal instrument addressing human trafficking as a crime and falls under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 1) The purposes of the Trafficking Protocol are 2) To bar and combat trafficking in persons 3) To protect and supporter victims of trafficking, and ) To promote cooperation among give tongue tos Parties in order to meet these objectives. The Trafficking Protocol advances international law by providing, for the start time, a working definition of trafficking in persons and requires sign oning States to criminalize such workouts. What Are The Major Challenges Faced In The fight Against Human Trafficking? A number of points can be made It is important that both effort is undertaken to establish the gravity of the problem and tackle the issue from the source to destination. What numbers are availa ble show the problem has not abated and is not in all likelihood to.One of the challenges relates to the gathering of completed information in order that a true up cipher of the phenomenon can be gauged. In this respect, some progress has been made but more need to be done. From UNODCs work across the criminal justice sector, we are fully aware that human trafficking is often only one activity of extensive and extremely sophisticated international crime net whole kit and caboodle. We need to run across that, despite the many conflicting priorities faced by member states that the issue of countering human trafficking is leadly given a high priority and focus by the international community. We need to consider the type of action that can be taken to raise ken of the problem and take steps to prevent trafficking at source (reference to UNODC public service announcements). A major challenge is to ensure that action is taken to ratify and effectively implement the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. Improving international cooperation and coordination, particularly in relation to developing information exchange and practicable cooperation between law enforcement agencies needs to be strengthened. There is a need to take a more holistic and partnership approach to tackling the problem. In this respect, UNODC fully recognizes the importance of mobilizing the support of NGOs, IGOs, governments and the community at large. Moral Issues 1. A human trafficking victim was rescued after(prenominal)(prenominal) of the tedious and mazy long time of being slaved after his mother sold him for money. He was interviewed by the UNODC artless officer of Columbia. When youre a kid, its swooninggoing to be deceived.Each Sunday when I walked down from the town, where my mum had a business, they would urge me to go with them, publishing me that I wou ld have a really good time, that it was break down to go with them than to keep on working. On my twelfth birthday, they came back for me. My mum was away at work, so I took the chance and escaped with them Five months later I regretted being there, but there was no chance of leaving. Besides, they told my mum that I was dead, that they had already killed me just like happened to my cousin who went with the military, and when she tried to escape, they caught her, sent her to the war council, and executed her.I had been on the 40th front for two months when I got wounded. It was very hard. I was in the middle of a combat situation, and I had to assemble a give out to throw at the army, but I grabbed it with the wrong hand. The soldiers were burning me shooting too close and I changed the bomb from one hand to another, and it exploded and blew my leg off In that moment I felt blood coming out of me, very fast, and I screamed when I saw it. I was legless. I screamed again, and t hen a guy grabbed me, but I fainted We surrendered on 20 July.We were very afraid because they warned us that the only thing we couldnt do was to let ourselves get caught alive, or surrender to the military, because the kickoff thing they would do to women was raping and pain us, penetrate us with a wooden obtain and then kill us Now my pipe dream is that they help me to get back my leg, so I can walk again. After that Id like to go to high school and then to the nursery school Id like that. Ximena, trafficking victim 2. Luana and Marcela are trafficking victims rescued by Brazilian NGO from a discursive life , they experient being trapped by criminals and forced to prostitutions..Luana A ace of mine told me that a Spanish base was hiring Brazilian girls to work as dancers on the island of Lanzarote. My friend Marcela and I thought it was a good opportunity to earn money. We didn? t want to continue working as maids. For a short term we only danced. But later they told us there had been too many expenses. And we would have to make some extra money. Marcela We were trapped by criminals and forced into prostitution in order to pay debts for the trip. We had up to 15 clients per night. The use of condoms was the client? s decision, not ours.The criminals kept our passports and had an fortify man in front of the disco to make sure we never escaped. But a woman helped us. We went to the police and told everything. Luana and Marcela, trafficking victims, interviewed by the Brazilian NGO Projeto Trama maria Feranda is a victim of human trafficking in Colombia. At that moment, my nightmare began. I was terrified when they showed me what I was expect to doI felt I just couldnt do it. Ive been through many things, but never something like that, so I told them that I wasntgoing to and that I was going back home.I was floor when they told me that wasnt possiblethey said they had invested a lot of money in me, and I hadto work to pay them back, because I now belonged to the network. I thought about escaping, but I was afraid of being forciblely hurt or killed. I worked hard for sixsome months, but they have no mercy on you theyre just demeaning. During this time, I was sold many times, and this happened every 10 dayssometimes I just didnt know where I was. Youre like a commodity to them. Maria Fernanda, Trafficking victim, interviewed by theUNODC Country Office in Colombia Conclusions Trafficking admits women, children and men basic liberty. Trafficking robs communities of potential productive members of society, and exposes victims to violence, injury, disease and ending. Trafficking is a distress to public repairth, both economically and in the potential for widespread health issues. The work of cutting off demand for human trafficking is complex and requires a range of partners working together around a dual-lane rejection of products and services obtained by force, fraud, or coercion.While technology and social media is being leveraged in innovative ways to provide consumers with information and a way to connect with companies, for example, there remains a need to explore new methods of raising awareness about the nature and propinquity of human trafficking. With greater understanding of the crime, and a clear tool or means to make a difference, consumers and businesses alike will be more likely to take steps to diminish the demand for forced labor. PROSTITUTIONS prostitutions What is Prostitution? Prostitutionis jetly defined as the custom of having sexual relations in exchange for economic gain.Although the sex is traditionally traded for money, it can also be bartered for jewelry, clothing, vehicles, housing, foodanything that hasmarket value. It is typically seen as an aberrant way to make a support and is illegal in many countries. The jointprostitutioncan also refer to any act that is considered demeaning or shameful. The term prostitute is customarily used to refer to a female person wh o engages in sex in exchange for money as a profession. Depending on the culture, the attitude toward the job, and the socio-economic region in which the business ofprostitutionis conducted, other spoken language is often used.These monikers often include streetwalker, sex worker, hooker, escort, sex trade worker and commercial sex worker. male prostitutes are loosely considered less prevalent in the occupation. They are typically referred to as escorts or gigolos if their commercial enterprise is female. If they specialize in providing their services to men, rent son or hustler are terms a great deal used to describe them? Similar to most occupations, a prostitute may have an employer or work as an independent contractor. Men who market and sellprostitutionservices are usually referred to as pimps.Women with the same job description are commonly called madams. Both normally take a part of the prostitutes income as payment for their promotional services. Prostitutes who work in dependently have the advantage of tutelage all of their earnings. The presumed advantage of having representatives such as pimps and madams involved in the process are safety. These agents are generally expected to screen prospective clients to ensure the safety and security of their staff. Pimps, however, are frequently portrayed to be less than forthcoming with the agreed upon pay for prostitutes who work for them.In a significant number of cases, pimps have been cognise to physically and psychologically abuse their employees. Madams are less known for abuse, but are often charge of mishandling the funds of call girls in their employ. Depending upon the country and the culture,prostitutionmay be considered a legal or illegal profession. In areas where it is lawful, there are commonly rules imposed by governments to ensure local prostitutes practice safe sex in their business activities to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).The workers are also generally required to have regular physical exams to ensure they are healthy and pose no threat to their customers well-being. In regions whereprostitutionis deemed a crime, the punishment ranges from simple fines or short stints in chuck out to death. Some jurisdictions recognize the business transaction of prostitutionas legal, but make it difficult to lawfully practice by imposing restrictions on how and where it can be conducted. These controls commonly include the inhibition of pimping, track a brothel and publicly offeringprostitutionservices. pic pic What does the ledger say about prostitution? pull up stakes god forgive a prostitute? Prostitution is often referred to as the oldest profession. Indeed, it has always been a common way for women to make money, even in intelligence times. The Bible tells us that prostitution is base. Proverbs 2327-28says, For a prostitute is a deep pit and a wayward wife is a narrow well. resembling a bandit she lies in wait, and multiplies th e unfaithful among men. divinity fudge forbids involvement with prostitutes because He knows such involvement is ruinous to both men and women. For the lips of an base woman deteriorate honey, And her mouth is smoother than oil But in the end she is bitter as wormwood, Sharp as a two-edged s record. Her feet go down to death, Her steps lay hold of hell (Proverbs 53-5 NKJV). Prostitution not only destroys marriages, families, and lives, but it destroys the spirit and soul in a way that leads to physical and spiritual death. perfections passion is that we stay pure and use our bodies as tools for His use and glory (Romans 613). First Corinthians 613says, The be is not for sexual immorality but for the manufacturing business, and the Lord for the body. Although prostitution is sinful, prostitutes are not beyond Gods scope of forgiveness. The Bible records His use of a prostitute named Rahab to further the fulfillment of His plan. As a result of her obedience, she and her family were rewarded and cheery (Joshua 21617-25). In the impudently Testament, a woman who had been known for being a sexual sinnerbefore Jesus forgave and cleansed her from sinfound an opportunity to serve Jesus while He was visiting in the home of a Pharisee. The woman, recognizing Christ for who He is, brought a bottle of expensive perfume to Him.In regret and repentance, the woman wept and poured perfume on His feet, wiping it with her hair. When the Pharisees criticized Jesus for accepting this act of love from the immoral woman, He admonished them and accepted the womans worship. Because of her faith, Christ had forgiven all her sins, and she was reliable into His kingdom (Luke 736-50). When speaking to those who refused to believe the justice about Himself, Jesus Christ said, I tell you the truth, the tax collectors and the prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God ahead of you.For John came to you to show you the way of righteousness, and you did not believe him, but the tax collectors and the prostitutes did. And even after you saw this, you did not repent and believe him (Matthew 2131-32). Just like anyone else, prostitutes have the opportunity to assemble salvation and eternal life from God, to be cleansed of all their unrighteousness and be given a print new life All they must do is turn away from their sinful lifestyle and turn to the living God, whose grace and mercy are boundless. Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation the old has gone, the new has come (2 Corinthians 517). Moral Issues There was a lot of hue and cry about the statement of US Ambassador Harry doubting Thomas at a recent judicial gathering on human trafficking that 40 percent of outside male tourists visit the Philippine for commercial sex. At first the ambassador refused to change his statement when asked by Philippine officials to apologize for it, but on Oct. 7 he relented and said he should not have used the 40 percent statistic without the ability to ba ck it up.But his statement has once again focused assist on the problem of sex trafficking and the sex trade in the Philippines. The fact is that the problem exists although right now we may not have accurate, verifiable statistics. Conclusion Prostitution is always going to be a pressing issue, and politicians will always have antithetical opinions about it. Politicians are the ones who decide how their country stands in different questions, and that might cause misunderstandings. The laws and official opinions of a country do not always agree with the populations point of view.An example of that is Germany. The facts and the glance do not agree, and the facts are based on politicians, while the survey is based on regular people from Germany. That gave me an firmness to my question. The question was Why do Germany and Sweden have such different views on prostitution? And the answer simply is Germany is not more loose than Sweden concerning prostitution. They are more liberal c oncerning strict laws, and that is because of their record that they do not want to experience again. That also affected the politicians and their way of handleing their inhabitants.What is right and what is wrong is something you have to decide with your own moral and opinion. How society should hands prostitution is one of the issues Ive been highly contradictory on, flip-flopping between having fortified opinions either way, to more unsure positions in the middle. A super-short summary of my process (chronologically) over the last two decades 1. It should be illegal because it is wrong to exploit people 2. It should be legal because the prohibition actually hurt the prostitutes 3.It should be illegal to consume, but not provide, since that would give the prostitute more power and enable persecution of the exploiters 4. It should be legal because regulation is more effective in minimizing harm, and at least phthisis may be ethically defensible 5. It should be illegal because e ven though regulation helps some, it also increases the black market and causes more suffering as a whole, and is an expression of a structural oppression of women and homosexual men in our society. SLAVERY OF black-and-blue PEOPLE SLAVERY OF WHITE PEOPLEIn the history of mankind, thrall has been very common. slavery can trace its history back in the ancient times. In the ancient times, slaves were sold to the highest bidder and they were employed without any compensation. Punishments were so set on for those slaves who went against their masters demands. Over the centuries, slavery has been very prominent. There was a time in history were grim Africans and Black the Statesns became domestic slaves at home. However, they were able to achieve their degagedom against slavery. Nowadays, slavery is still commonly practiced in some countries.It is not completely abolished but it is less identifiable. It exists in many cultures. So, what is slavery? What is Slavery? Slavery is a c ondition in which people are forced to work and treated like the low form of creature. There are different types of slavery. You have the chattel slavery. This is the most traditional type of slavery in which people are treated like property. Slaves are sold and bought like goods. However, in this modern age, this type of slavery is the least common. Another type of slavery is forced labor.This type of slavery is very common in the past and even up to these days. An individual is left with no choice but to work against his will. This type of slavery used punishments and violence against any slaves. Slavery of washrag People David Brion Davis authorship in the New York Review of Books, Oct. 11, 1990, p. 37 states As late as the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, keep shipments of white slaves, some of them Christians, flowed from the booming slave markets on the northern Black Sea coast into Italy, Spain, Egypt and the Mediterranean islandsFrom Barbados to Virginia, colonists.. , showed a few(prenominal) scruples about reducing their less fortunate countrymen to a status little different from that of chattel slaves The prevalence and suffering of white slaves, serfs and obligate servants in the early modern period suggests that there was nothing inevitable about limiting plantation slavery to people of African origin. L. Ruchames in The Sources of racial Thought in Colonial the States, states that the slave trade worked in both directions, with white merchandise as well as black. (Journal of Negro enclosey, no. 52, pp. 251-273).In 1659 the slope parliament debated the practice of selling British uninfecteds into slavery in the New World. In the debate the albumens were referred to not as indentured servants but as slaves whose incarceration threatened the liberties of all Englishmen. (Thomas Burton, Parliamentary Diary 1656-59, vol. 4, pp. 253-274). shelter R. Dulles in Labor in America quotes an early document describing tweed children in comp ound servitude as crying and mourning for redemption from their slavery. Dr. Hilary McD. Beckles of the University of Hull, England, writes regarding duster slave labor, ndenture contracts were alienable the ownership of which could easily be transferred, like that of any other commodity as with slaves, ownership changed without their participation in the dialogue concerning transfer. Beckles refers to indentured servitude as White proto-slavery (The Americas, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 21). In the calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series America and West Indies of 1701, we read of a protest over the hike to the spiriting away of Englishmen without their consent and selling them for slaves, which hath been a practice very frequent and known by the name of kidnapping. (Emphasis added). In the British West Indies, plantation slavery was instituted as early as 1627. In Barbados by the 1640s there were an estimated 25,000 slaves, of whom 21,700 were White. (Some Observations on the Island of Barbados, Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, p. 528). It is worth noting that while White slaves were worked to death in Barbados, there were Carib-bean Indians brought from Guiana to help propagate native foodstuffs who were well-treated and re-ceived as free persons by the wealthy planters.Of the fact that the wealth of Barbados was founded on the backs of White slave labor there can be no doubt. White slave laborers from Britain and Ireland were the mainstay of the sugar dependency. Until the mid-1640s there were few Blacks in Barbados. George Downing wrote to John Winthrop, the co-lonial governor of momma in 1645, that planters who valued to make a fortune in the British West Indies must acquire White slave labor out of England if they wanted to succeed. (Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, pp. 25-126). white indentured servants were employed and treated, incidentally, exactly like slaves (Morley Ayearst, The Br itish West Indies, p. 19). The many gradations of unfreedom among Whites made it difficult to draw fast lines between any idealized free White worker and a pitied or hated servile Black worker in labor-short seventeenth and eighteenth-century America the work of slaves and that of White servants were virtually inter-changeable in most areas. (David R. Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness Race and the qualification of the American Working Class, p. 5). In the Massachusetts lawcourt of Assistants, whose records date to 1633, we find a 1638 description of a White man, one Gyles Player, as having been delivered up for a slave. The Englishman William Eddis, after observing White slaves in America in the 1770s wrote, Gener-ally speaking, they groan beneath a worse than Egyptian bondage (Letters from America, London, 1792). Governor Sharpe of the Maryland colony compared the property interest of the planters in their White slaves, with the commonwealth of an English farmer consisting o f a Multitude of Cattle. The Quock pusher case in Massachusetts in 1 783 which ruled that slavery was contrary to the state Constitution, was use equally to Blacks and Whites in Massachusetts. Patrick F. Moran in his Historical brief of the Persecutions Suffered by the Catholics of Ireland, re-fers to the transportation of the Irish to the colonies as the slave-trade (pp. 343-346). The disciplinal and revenue laws of early Virginia (circa 1631-1645) did not discriminate Negroes in bondage from Whites in bondage. (William Hening editor, Statutes at Large of Virginia, vol. I, pp. 74, 198, 200, 243, 306. For records of wills in which globes, goods & chattels, cattle, moneys, ne-groes, English servants, horses, sheep and household stuff were all sold together see the Lancaster County Records in Virginia Colonial Abstracts, Beverly Fleet, editor). destroy historian Col. A. B. Ellis, writing in the British composition Argosy (May 6, 1893) Few, but read-ers of old colonial State cove r and records, are aware that between the years 1649-1690 a lively trade was carried on between England and the plantations, as the colonies were then called, in politi-cal prisoners here they were sold by auction to the colonists for various terms of years, sometimes for life as slaves. Sir George Sandys 1618 plan for Virginia referred to bound Whites assigned to the financial officers of-fice to belong to said office for ever. The service of Whites bound to Berkeleys Hundred was deemed perpetual. (Lewis Cecil Gray, History of agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860, vol. I, pp. 316, 318). Certainly the enslaved Whites themselves recognized their condition with painful clarity.As one White man, named Abram, who was charge of trying to agitate a rebellion verbalize to his fellows, Wherefore should wee stay here and be slaves? In a statement smuggled out of the New World and published in London, Whites in bondage did not call themselves indentured servants. In thei r writing they referred to themselves as Englands slaves and Englands merchandise. (Marcellus Rivers and Oxenbridge Foyle, Englands Slavery, 1659).Eyewitnesses like Pere Labat who visited the West Indian slave plantations of the 17th century which were built and manned by White slaves labeled them White slaves and nothing less (Memoirs of Pere Labat, 1693-1705, p. 125). Even Blacks referred to the White forced laborers in the colonies as white slaves. (Colonial Office, Public Records Office, London, 1667, no. 170) Sot-Weed Factor, or, a Voyage to Maryland, a pamphlet circulated in 1708, articulates the plight of tens of thousands of pathetic young White girls kidnapped from England and enslaved in colonial America, lamenting thatIn better Times eer to this Land I was unhappily Trepand not then a slave But things are changed Kidnapd and Foold The lift of academic and media fraud is revealed in the monopolistic stigmatise status the official controllers of education and mass comm unications have successfully established between the defini-tion of the password slave and the negro, while labeling descriptions of the historic experience of Whites in slavery a fallacy. Yet the very word slave, which the establishments consensus school of history pretends cannot legitimately be applied to Whites, is derived from the word Slav.According to the Ox-ford English Dictionary, the word slave is another name for the White people of eastern Europe, the Slavs. (Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, p. 2,858). In other words, slave has always been a term for and a definition of a servile condition of White people. Yet we are told by the professorcrats that it is not crystallise to refer to Whites as slaves but only as servants, even though the very root of the word is derived from the historical fact of White slav-ery. ConclusionSlavery is not something to be proud of but it is a fact that happened to every country, kingdom and empire that has been on this ear th. Each of us needs to search our hearts and find the answer to stop racial hatred. One place to begin realize that the black race was not the only race in the last 400 years that was in bondage. PORNOGRAPHY obscenity What is soot? erotica is the unambiguous representation of sexual activity in print or on film to realise titillating rather than aesthetic or stirred feelings. The following advice and help refers only to heterosexual vulgarism that is men aspect at women and, more rarely, women looking at men. lampblack is often distinguished fromerotica, which consists of the characterisation of sexuality with high-art aspirations, focusing also on feelings and emotions, while vulgarism involves the depiction of acts in a stunning manner, with the sinless focus on the physical act, so as to arouse quick intense reactions.A distinction is also made betweenhardcoreandsoftcore smut. Softcore obscenity can generally be described as focusing on nude modeling and sugges tive, but not explicit, simulations of sexual intercourse, whereas hardcore obscenity explicitly showcases penetrative intercourse. Pornography has often been subject to censoringand legal restraints to publication on grounds ofobscenity. such(prenominal) grounds and even the definition of lampblack have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.With the emergence of social attitudes more tolerant of sexuality and more specific legal definitions of obscenity, an industry for theproductionand consumptionof pornography arose in the latter half of the 20th century. The gate ofhome videoand the profitssaw booms in a worldwide porn industry that generates billions of dollars annually. History Depictions of a sexual nature are aged than civilization as depictions such as thegenus Venus figurinesandrock arthave existed sinceprehistorictimes. However the concept of pornography as understood today did not exist until the strait-laced era.For example the frenchImpress ionismpainting byEdouard Manettitled Olympiawas a nude picture of a French courtesan, literally a prostitute picture. It was controversial at the time. Nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail, and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as big and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale however, the private self-denial of and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offence until recent times.When large-scale excavations ofPompeiiwere undertaken in the 1860s, much of theerotic artof theRomanscame to light, shocking the Victorians who saw themselves as the gifted heirs of theRoman Empire. They did not know what to do with the dog-iron depictions ofsexualityand endeavored to hide them away from everyone but wellborn scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in theSecret MuseuminNaplesand what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of wo men, children, and the working classes.Fanny hillock(1748) is considered the first original Englishprosepornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel. It is aneroticnovelbyJohn Clelandfirst published inEnglandasMemoirs of a charwoman of Pleasure. It is one of the most prosecuted and verboten books in history. The authors were supercharged with corrupting the Kings subjects. The worlds first law criminalizing pornography was the BritishObscene Publications Act 1857enacted at the urging of the conjunction for the Suppression of Vice.The Act, which applied to theUnited Kingdom and Ireland, made the sale of abominable material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offend material. The Act did not apply toScotland, where thecommon lawcontinued to apply however, the Act did not define obscene, leaving this for the courts to determine. Prior to this Act, the publication of obscene material was treated as alaw misdemeanor and effecti vely prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography.The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of theHicklin teststemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, whether the inclining of the matter charged as obscenity is to vitiate and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences. Despite the fact of their suppression, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history. Pornographic filmproduction commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. Two of the earliest pioneers wereEugene PirouandAlbert Kirchner.Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name Lear. The 1896 film,Le Coucher de la Marieeshowed Louise Willy performing astriptease. Pirous film inspired a genre of dismal French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be mad e from such films. Sexually explicit films were soon characterised as obscene and rendered illegal. Those that were made were produced thermionic valve by amateurs starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film by commercial means was risky as was their distribution.Distribution was strictly private. Denmarkwas the first country to legalize pornography in 1969, which led to an explosion of commercially produced pornography. It continued to be banned in other countries, and had to be smuggled in, where it was sold under the counter or (sometimes) shown in members only cinema clubs. A Biblical View of Pornography God created men and women to be together exclusively and happily. God created sex as a good gift in the security of a loving, pull marriage relationship. He saw all that he had made, and it was very good. Sadly in the fallen world, pornography sends clear messages, generally to men, that faithful sexual prudence to one woman is not necessary. There are many other women to look at why only be satisfied with one? We can go to an art gallery and see a beautiful woman in a picture and admire her beauty. But that is not the message of pornography. Pornography seeks to stimulate sexual attraction to the image of a woman any woman, saying, This beautiful woman, whom you know nothing about, is there for you to satisfy your sexual desires whatever they might be at any time. Pornography uses the strong visual senses of men to promote lust, but promises the unreal, promoting turned expectations of relationships and ignoring the realities of daily living for most men and women the shopping, washing, ironing, and crying children. By ignoring the womans character and instead focusing on her body, pornography exploits and dehumanises sex so that human beings are treated as things, and women, in particular as sex objects .Of course, pornography is encase cleverly as glamorous, but in the stone-cold light of day the Bib le warns strongly about looking at other women (Proverbs 625, Matthew 528, Colossians 35) and being faithful in marriage (Hebrews 134). There are those who would see the Bibles strong warnings on sexual virtuousness as God being a killjoy. We need to remember that it was God who created the universe He knows how it works and that what we see and think about is important. The warnings are given for a reason the destructiveness of pornography on children and on human relationships.CARE regularly receives telephone calls and emails from people who themselves have a problem with pornography or are seeing it in their family. Some would say pornography is harmless fun. How would they respond to a woman crying on the phone convinced that her husbands use of pornography had led to the sectionalisation of their marriage? Or to another woman who said that she felt mentally abused by her husband who used pornography and wanted her to act in the same way as the women in the magazines, DVDs an d videos? Pornography can seem far from harmless fun for the men (Christian and non-Christian) who feel trapped in a cycle of addiction.If anyone is a killjoy it is not the God of the Bible, but the publishers of pornography. The Issue of Pornography With more than 300,000 websites pertaining to pornography and new sites uploaded daily, any parent can see that we have a growing problem. The Internet is the cheapest, winged way to get pornography out into an open market that is why it is considered the electronic playground. Before the Internet pornography was found in magazines behind the store counters, on movie channels, and was found in movies. reappearance a look at your favorite boob tube show and see how many times a sexual situation comes up.The sexual revolution as some call it has taken off with the Internet. For example, try typing in www. whitehouse. com and see what pops up unimpeachably not the White House. Students working on a history paper in school lately went t o this site and found pornography instead of history. What a surprise for the students. This happens to more people than we think. If you accidentally twaddle on a porn site several other pornographic sites also show up. In some cases these pornographic sites contain computer viruses which will attack your hard drive.At times, legislation drafted under the stalking-horse of protecting children, includes adults which infringes on freedom of speech. In addition to infringing on a legal adults rights, it also impedes the on the economic gains related to the industry. Thus, commercialism and the economy are impacted as well. With the onset of new pornographic websites, most sites are beginning to charge their consumers. Not only does this lead to economic gain within the industry, but it also assists in minimizing the access of children to funny material.Conclusion Virtually every man will clamber with pornography. Regardless of how hard we may want otherwise we are visual creatures by nature and with easy accessibility to porn its a involvement that will keep men in the trenches their entire lives. And if we hope to end this cycle of addiction and sexual impurity not only must we heal ourselves it is up to us to raise the next contemporaries of men to view sex, women, and pornography differently that what society says today. And my own son is a foremost ageless reminder of that obligation.