Microeconomics of green jobs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microeconomics of green jobs - Research Paper Example Moreover, it should be help in conserving the environment and promoting the health and well-being of everyone. In order to impact on the economic activity, green job policy should be carefully thought. No political or unnecessary rhetoric should be used to hinder the implementation of viable green job policies. Hence, as the article illustrates, a job should be considered as green in case it can contribute to job creation and economic activity by either substituting labor for capital or substituting capital for labor (Furchtgott-Roth, 2012). By doing this, it will be much easier to introduce an activity which benefits the country. For instance, the use of hybrid vehicle system can be of many benefits because it can help in creating more jobs to the drivers and fleet monitors. Therefore, for a green job to be in a position of improving economic efficiency, the policy makers should be quite thoughtful in their decisions. Meaning, they should ensure that more work is produced through focusing on how the policy can be able to breakdown all the barriers to energy efficiency that can be relied upon to stimulate economic prosperity by making a good use of money which would otherwise be wasted. Based on the above discussion, I would like to begin by concurring that green job is a wise initiative. It has lots of benefits to the society. In this regard, I recommend that the policy makers should not bring politics into the formulation of such policies. Instead, they should come up with policies that encourage the use of new technologies and can help in conserving the environment. Such policies should greatly impact on job creation; cater for the health and well-being of all the citizens and create room for future growth (Furchtgott-Roth, 2012). In addition, I would like to recommend that the policy makers should give priority to long-term projects which can benefit the society for a long time. This implies that the green job project chosen should

Principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) Essay

Principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) - Essay Example Before going into the discussion regarding three major principles of total quality management, let us get a better understanding of what total quality management actually is. Total quality management is an approach towards improving the performance and quality of products and services so that they meet the expectations of the consumers. Quality is of integral importance for a company to achieve success in a competitive market. A company can achieve success only if it integrates all aspects of quality in its business activities and processes. The focus of the total quality management is the customers and products of a company. Total quality management requires continuous improvement in all departments of a company related to manufacturing of the products, such as, quality design and development, quality control, and quality assurance. There are a number of key principles related to total quality management. Three of those principles include customer focus, continuous improvement, and employee involvement. Let us discuss all of these in some detail. Customer Focus Customer focus is one of the primary principles of TQM. A company needs to focus the needs and demands of the customers while developing the products. Customers are the main drivers that ensure success of a company. Without customers, no company can achieve success or gain market domination in any market. Customers always opt for such companies, which provide them with excellent quality and reliability in all products and services.... If a company neglects the integration of quality aspects in a single phase of a product development process, it affects the overall quality of the product resulting in development of a compromising quality product. Therefore, a company needs to work towards continuous improvement in manufacturing and quality procedures in order to bring a high quality product in the market. Employee Involvement This principle of TQM requires continuous involvement and motivation of the top management of a company. Top management needs to motivate the employees towards ensuring quality in all aspects of their job responsibilities. â€Å"Employees should be encouraged to be pro-active in identifying and addressing quality related problems† (Murray). TQM is not just related to the integration of quality in the products and services of a company, rather it also includes all business functions and activities. The involvement of employees is of integral importance in ensuring the implementation of t otal quality management system in a company. Therefore, companies need to encourage their employees to bring improvement in their job related activities in order to ensure success of the company. Performance Measurement Performance measurement means to evaluate performance of the employees and the business processes in order to bring improvement in the organizational effectiveness and productivity. The basic aim of performance measurement is not just to evaluate the employees’ performance; rather it also focuses on increasing the organizational productivity by improving performance of the employees. Performance measurement or evaluation makes the managers of a company know where the company actually stands and what they need to do in

Culture Shock Of Studying Abroad Cultural Studies Essay

Culture Shock Of Studying Abroad Cultural Studies Essay In the globalising world, more and more people go to abroad for work and study. Culture shock has been widely present in intercultural communication. Where there is cultural communication, there is culture shock. It can be illustrated by a simple case. A Chinese girl, who is a college student, experienced long-term acculturation when she came here at first. One day, she went to the bank to ask for the statement. When she arrived there, the officer told her that the statement must be posted, and she could not get it right away. She explained that it was urgently needed for visa, but the officer still insisted on his decision, which made her upset and frustrated. As opposed to it, in China, one can get a bank statement at any time. People will experience the impact of cultural differences in varying degrees from an ethnic region to a completely different one, especially to go to work, study and live abroad. The set of symbols, customs, behaviour patterns, social relations will be replaced by another set they are not familiar, which may bring about psychological anxiety, emotional instability, and even depression. In severe cases, it can result in a variety of psychological and physical diseases, worse, even mental problems or suicide. This is culture shock exactly. Culture shock has been an important source of interpersonal stress and conflict for those who are in a multicultural society. Generally speaking, culture shock is a phenomenon of cultural loss and mental imbalance, and it also can be seen as a process of the evolution of mental state in unfamiliar cultural settings. People experience varying degrees of culture shock. There are many factors affecting culture shock and the individual reactions, including previous experience with other cultures and cross-cultural adaptation, the degree of difference in ones own and the host culture, the degree of preparation, social support networks, and individual psychological characteristics. (Furnham Bochner, 1986) Nowadays, international students are playing an increasingly significant role in different countries, especially in western countries. They spend much money and time for higher education. After finishing the study, they usually go back home or stay to get a good job. Only if they overcome cultural shock can they continue learning and have the opportunity to carry out their dream. Otherwise, it will be a giant waste of time and money. Doubtlessly, these students have become vital for the study of culture shock. This essay is to address the definition, characteristics, phases, and causes of culture shock, and explore how it can affect foreign students through a collection of relevant examples. Literature Review In recent years, there is a growing literature in the area of culture shock, and many contributions to the mental health issues aroused by culture shock faced by foreign students (Thomas Althen, 1989). A number of scholars have discussed the definition of culture shock. Oberg (1960) popularised it to refer to the anxiety that results from losing all of our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Adler (1975) suggested that culture shock is primarily a set of emotional reactions to the loss of perceptual reinforcements from ones own culture, to the new cultural stimuli which have little or no meaning, and to the misunderstanding of new and diverse experience. Barna (1976) extended the concept to include physiological aspects. Bennett (1977) viewed it as a subcategory of transition experiences. Regarding the symptoms of culture shock, although individual reactions differ from case to case, various scholars (e.g., Oberg, 1960; Adler, 1975) suggested some common symptoms, such as: feelings of impotence and withdrawal; fear of being cheated or injured; excessive concern on health; being homesick; and a state of nervous irritability. Moreover, Taft (1977) summarised a range of definitions and argued that culture shock is a feeling of impotence from the inability to cope with the environment, because of being unfamiliar with cognitive aspects and role-playing skills. He identified six different aspects of culture shock: 1. Tension due to the ongoing necessary psychological adjustment. 2. A sense of loss of friends, status, occupation and property. 3. Being not accepted by and/or accepting members of the new culture. 4. Confusion in role, role expectations, values, feelings and self-identity. 5. Surprise, anxiety, even disgust and anger after perceiving cultural differences. 6. Feeling of helplessness due to not being able to deal with the new circumstance. In terms of mental health issues, the widespread use of the two major concerns, namely, depression (e.g., David, 1971; Hojat, 1982) and anxiety (e.g., Lin Masuda, Tazuma, 1982) has been documented. Some studies have paid attention to helplessness (Arredondo-Dowd, 1981), social withdrawal, loneliness, and homesickness (Church, 1982; Cort King, 1979). Causes of Culture Shock When one enters an unfamiliar environment, why will he encounter culture shock? There are various explanations in the psychological studies. A traditional one is to link it to grief of the loss of friends or relatives, ascribing culture shock to the loss of certain things. People feel grieved due to the loss of close friends and family, while those in a different cultural context may be subjected to culture shock for losing a familiar frame of reference in an intercultural encounter, such as status, values, friends, and customs. (Bennett, 1977) A number of new theories have been proposed which elaborate it from different aspects. Different Values Value is a kind of social consciousness, and it can identify what kind of behavior, survival patterns and interaction guidelines will be adopted by individuals, groups or societies. There is neither any kind of values superior than others, nor that inferior. Any of them is unique. For example, comparing the Chinese and American cultures, it clearly can be seen that the American value individualism while the Chinese emphasise collectivism. American people emphasise individual rights, whereas Chinese people value their obligations to society. In intercultural communication, one from a different culture must respect values of the host culture to ensure the smoothness of communications. If people act as the opposite, culture shock will occur inevitably. Take some Muslim students for example. When living in America, there are many students from Muslim countries, especially females, who usually continue to wear traditional clothing; therefore they are actively resisting participating in th e American popular culture. This has been in the way of acculturation, which may isolate them from the environment and bring about anxiety or frustration. Ethnocentrism People tend to criticise the practices of another culture from the perspective of their own cultural values and beliefs. Ethnocentrism, constituted by ethno and centrism, refers to a cultural bias that leads people to judge another cultures habits and practices as right or wrong, good or bad (Samover Porter, 2000). This tendency will result in vanity of ones own cultures superiority, and contempt of outsiders, thereby influencing the adaption process. To illustrate, several cases will be presented. Chinese regard western food such as sandwich and hamburger as junk food. Americans are shocked that Chinese eat nearly all kinds of animals. Chinese think Hindus bathing in the river Ganges is unsanitary. Islamic counties are criticised for supposedly subordinating women. Western countries think Chinese forced-feeding education has no benefit for students. Ethnocentrism sometimes can produce positive social effects, including a very strong social status, which may enhance individual self-esteem, sense of loyalty and group survival consciousness, but also reduce internal contradictions. However, ethnocentric attitudes will cause negative social effects, which prevents people from learning new knowledge from other cultures and broaden new vision. In addition, to safeguard the status of national superiority, competition, fear, anger and hatred may increase, which leads to a variety of destructive conflicts. Ethnocentrism and culture is symbiotic, and each of us grows up in a certain culture, thus it is impossible to completely get rid of ethnocentrism. When students enter an unfamiliar cultural context, it is easy to judge the target culture as good or bad, right or wrong from the standpoint of their own cultural values. With the bias judgment, one cannot break the barriers to achieve intercultural understanding; therefore, culture shock occurs, which causes psychological and physiological stress and tension in communication contact. Preconceptions and Stereotypes The presence of preconceptions and stereotypes is a stumbling block to cultural contact. For instance, U.S. students try to keep distance to a noisy group from Middle East since the stereotype that the Arabs are inflammable. If one has regarded Japanese as inscrutable before his or her Japanese guests coming, he or she will probably see their behaviors (e.g., the constant smile) as much (Barna, 1994). Stereotypes help to reduce the threat of the unknown by making the world predictable (Becker, 1962). Stereotypes lead to overgeneralisation, and affect intercultural communication directly, because the predictions to the behaviours of the other party are based on their fixed views rather than whether they are accurate or fit the circumstances. Stereotypes are psychologically necessary to release our helplessness so as to interact with people in different situations. Stereotypes make people pay attention to what fit their initial impressions, and ignore the left. It prevents people from communicating with those from the distinct cultural backgrounds. As a psychological reason for culture shock, stereotypes are detrimental to the process of communication and have been an obstacle to intercultural interactions. Language Differences Language difference is a stumbling block in the adaption process. Vocabulary, syntax, idioms, slang, dialects, and so on all cause difficulty, but the person struggling with a different language is at least aware of being in trouble. (Barna, 1994) A big language problem is that users cling to one meaning of a word in the target language, without considering the specific context. Various meanings are so difficulty that they are often waved aside. Conceit and complacency will stop a search for understanding. Yes and no are classic examples. How to answer the question, Dont you know him? When a foreign student first hears it, he may answer yes, which means he does not know him. However, if he wants to express the meaning that he does know him, he has to answer no. There are some other problems, including the different styles of using target language. These differences may lead to wrong interpretations of tone and intent. Language skills are linked with adaptation effectiveness (DeVerthe lyi, 1995). Foreign students in the USA who cannot speak English well may be isolated socially, which will affect their academic achievement. For instance, one can order a cup of tea at a cafà ©; however, he or she may not discuss academic issues such as linguistics very well. Despite that he or she holds the idea, it cannot be presented by language. As mentioned above, language issue will result in academic and intercultural failures and further lead to high stress and depression which are the exact symptoms of culture shock. Avoiding Unfamiliar People and Things When students come to a new environment, they usually would like to assume similarities instead of differences between the host culture and their own culture, which can bring themselves a sense of intimacy and familiarity. Some other students prefer to stay with those from the same country and share experiences within the small circle. They avoid and resist people and things they are not familiar. Due to the avoidance, they cannot understand the new cultural identity, and even mistake their cultural norms as universal ones that everyone can accept. Once they find acts strange (different from them) they expect, confusion, disappointment, and even rejection will be produced. This phenomenon is widely present in communities of Chinese students. These students are together for everyday, and they cook, eat, go shopping, study, travel and chat with each other; moreover, they share joy and sorrow, and intentionally keep away from communicating with people from target culture. Generally, the y live in the small world created by themselves, and set up an obstruction in intercultural contact. With time going on, they become less brave to break up the barrier and reach an impasse of cultural contact. Level of Knowledge How should I greet when I first meet them, shaking hands or bowing? What should we talk about for initial meetings? Should I be more enthusiastic or control my facial expressions when talking with them? There is a long list of cultural norms needed to be learned by overseas students before or during a sojourn. Ones level of cultural knowledge may contribute to the acculturation (Begley, 2000). For example, overseas students studying in Britain should be aware of the different educational system and better ways to succeed in learning. Google claimed to withdraw the investment in China for it did not recognise the complicated realities of the country and finally failed in China. From these examples, we can understand that being aware of little general and specific cultural knowledge can cause communicative problems that may lead to culture shock.

History of Money Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

History of Money Let us consider a problem. You catch fish for your food supply, but you're tired of eating it every day. Instead you want to eat some bread. Fortunately, a baker lives next door. Trading the baker some fish for bread is an example of barter, the direct exchange of one good for another. However, barter is difficult when you try to obtain a good from a producer that doesn't want what you have. For example, how do you get shoes if the shoemaker doesn't like fish? The series of trades required to obtain shoes could be complicated and time consuming. Early societies faced these problems. The solution was money. Money is an item, or commodity, that is agreed to be accepted in trade. Over the years, people have used a wide variety of items for money, such as seashells, beads, tea, fish hooks, fur, cattle and even tobacco. There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably among the Lydians, in Asia Minor in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned. To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church grainaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system...

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I have read and understood The University of Sydney Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Coursework Policy 2012 . I understand that failure to comply with the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Coursework Policy can lead to the University commencing proceedings against me for potential student misconduct under Chapter 8 of the University of Sydney By-Law 1999 (as amended). 4. This work is substantially my own, and to the extent that any part of this work is not my own I have indicated that it is not my own by acknowledging the source of that part or those parts of the work. . The assessment has not been submitted previously for assessment in this or any other unit, or another institution. . I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment may: Reproduce this assignment and provide a copy to another member of the Faculty of Health Sciences; and/or Use similarity detection software (which may then retain a copy of the assignment o n its database for the purpose of future plagiarism checking). 7. I have retained a duplicate copy of the assignment.Please type in your name here to acknowledge this declaration: Coherence Luau Now proceed to page 2 to begin your assignment. This template will become your assignment file. OFFICE USE ONLY Question 1: Positivistic Theory (Biological and Psychological Theory) The positivist approach to criminality introduced the idea of empirically researching crime to understand the causes of criminality, and thus the solutions to solving it. Positivism is based in logic, and is the philosophy that combined epistemological phenomena with science (Blackmore, 1972).The theory assumes that criminals are fundamentally different from non-criminals; either biologically (Limbos), psychologically (Freud), social (Park, Druthers) or in some combination of them all, ND thus aim to classify people according to these differences (Boom, 2010). The approach ultimately replaced the ‘rational man' with the ‘criminal type' (Killing, 1997). The period of Enlightenment in the 18th century enforced human progression, and as such, saw Positivism gain popularity.It was a move from abstract reasoning to rationalism, from superstition to science, with the emergence of intellectuals with philosophies to understand and improve the world (Porter, 2001). Since this time, the positivist approach has guided policymaking throughout the criminal Justice system. Positivism focused on specifically tailored treatment to fit the needs of offenders' (Treadwell, 2006). Positivists dismiss any form of evidence that does not have an empirical basis, such as religion, magic, philosophy and tradition (Blackmore, 1972).Those that cannot be objectively experienced are rejected, in so that positivists can explain criminal behavior through that which can only be observed or measured (Boom, 2010). Biological positivists look at observables such as anatomical abnormalities, identifiable genetic o f gene patterns, and bodily actions where as psychological positivists will look at biological observables, but will add behavioral factors, for instance, child rearing practices and brain abnormalities that causes identifiable behavior outcomes.Positivism views criminals as certain kinds of human beings who are governed by natural phenomena, which have been set in place by an external factor that is out of their control. It follows that criminals do not make decisions regarding their criminal behavior, and thus, the abstract view of humans being rational were discarded. Biological theories sought to determine a biological defect inside individuals that caused a predisposition towards criminal behavior.Limbos was one of the most influential early biological thinkers and positivist theorists, and was influenced by phrenology in his theory. Phrenology is the concept that the shape of your skull defines your character. Through his studies, Limbos identified ‘born criminals' to be dangerous ‘evolutionary throwbacks' (Limbos, 2006). He identified physical features of criminals, which supported this notion, as they echoed biological features of an ape. Among others, Limbos classified several criminal characteristics through studying cadavers of executed criminals.Features such as smaller and more deformed skulls, canine teeth, protruding ears, excessive hairiness and unusually long arms were said to be common features in criminals (Limbos, 2006). Generally, biological positivists search for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. The chromosome pairing of an ordinary female is XX, and for a male, XX. However, there are naturally occurring variations, for example the pairing EX. of chromosomes, known as the Skillfulness's Syndrome (Taylor, Walton and Young, 1973).This theory claimed that people with an extra X chromosome were more likely to omit crimes and could be identified by their biological and physical features, such as lacking facial ai r, round bodies and were frequently infertile. However, further investigation into this theory showed that abnormal people containing an extra Y chromosome showed signs of slight mental deficiency. On this assumption, Price undertook chromosome counts on all available male patients in a special security institution in Scotland and found that X† males tended to be severe psychopaths.The extra Y chromosome, therefore, appeared to be positively linked to increased eight and psychopaths. In essence, biological positivists were attempting to be able to identify criminals by looking at them. Psychological positivism focuses on aggression, psychopathology and violence when studying crime (Storefront, 1990). It is based in the field of psychometrics that seeks to measure psychological and mental differences between criminals and non- criminals.One of the most famous theories in this field is Sigmund Freud†s theory of the structures of the mind, used to explain the influence of t he unconscious over conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The theory divides itself into the unconscious id, the ego, and the superego (Martin, 2007). Further, Wilson and Hermiston's personality study and crime concluded that crime is a rational act of defective personality (Treadwell, 2006). Furthermore, psychologically based theories in criminology have focused on deficient cognitions as causes of crimes.Hostels and Sameness (2004) extended this notion by their study of male offenders from a variety of backgrounds, which were divided into an experimental group and compared to a control group of ‘normal' convicted prisoners. The two theorists legged that a common factor in shaping the thinking pattern of criminals was denial of responsibility. They concluded that these thinking errors were an aspect of criminal thinking patterns, and developed a cognitive treatment programmer to ‘cure' these errors.Druthers held the belief that societies are external to the indivi duals who compose them (Schemas, 1994), and from this, formulated his notion of a social fact. A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general wrought a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations. Druthers was the pioneer of early positivist Social Research with his famous study of suicide.This was so others would be able to develop evidence for ideas on human behavior rather than unsubstantiated theories. The use of positivism in criminology aims to identify the problem and treat it, and thus control crime and criminality. In more modern times, Rained conducted a study in 1998 on the brains of murderers as compared to a control group using PET scans. In the case of those who committed impulsive murders, Rained concluded that the emotional impulsive murderers are less able to regulate and control aggressi ve impulses generated from subtropical structures due to deficient preferential regulation† (Rafter, 2008).Despite conclusions drawn from the movement in criminology, it was claimed that Very little of contemporary psychology can be described as positivistic' (McGuire, 2004) as it is not directly observable, and thus to associate it with Positivism is fallacious. Theorists such as Boom criticized Positivism for its flawed belief in roommate consensus (Boom, 2010), as well as Reid, who believed that positivism was a dualistic fallacy (Reid, 1982).As the approach advocates two distinct groups of criminals and non-criminals whom are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors, other elements such as ones culture was dismissed in the theory. In regards to the positivist approach to Skillfulness's Syndrome, it was found out through further research that criminals had normal chromosomes and that non-criminals also had abnormal chromosomes, thus disproving the black an d white division of Iranians being the only people with irregular genetic material.Nonetheless, the Positivist movement has played a vital role in shaping the criminal Justice system. Regardless of its ignorant faults in its biomedical and psychological aspects, the approach has influenced Western criminal codes and has impacted the modifications made of the classical model. Rushers, a modern day psychologist, bases his research on the Positivist theory. His book, â€Å"Race, Evolution and Behavior† (1995) attempts to show that East Asian people and their descendants average a larger brain size, greater intelligence, and slower rates of maturation than o Europeans and their descendants.The contributions of the positivist school have combined with the classical theory of criminology to shape the contemporary criminal Justice system. The punishment of a criminal must fit the crime (Siegel, 2010), as in reality, victims and perpetrators are often the same people, Just swapping r oles in different situations† (Maguire, 1996). Positivism was formulated on the intention of obtaining facts about human behavior, but as human existence is a complex and volatile phenomenon, any attempt to classify it in black and white falls short.Aiming to obtain objective fact is important in influencing criminal legislations, and can offer solutions to committed crimes. However, relying solely on objectivity is impossible, and subjectivity must be accepted as an inherent part of human nature as any claim of pure objectivity is simply fictitious (Reid, 1982).

Adult Learning Theory on Healthcare Organizations

Healthcare organizations need regular updates on their instructional designs on their employees and staff. This instructional designs or curriculums are much needed to inform the manpower of the organization on recent developments on technologies and applications on cases and situations, new regulations needed to be implemented or any other pertinent information for the organization’s and its staff’s needs to know.However, the method of educating the staff, whom majority are already on their adult stage, should be effective for them, and for the company. One applicable theory on educating the adult is Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy.  It outlines effective methodologies for adult learning. On his theory, adults need to know why they should learn. On this case, the educator or administrator of the organization should make it a point that the staff understood the importance of the new information they should learn. Moreover, adults tend to ask when and where they will be able to use their new learning on real-life situations.Again, the educator should explain that the series of discussions to be made is for their self-improvement inside the organization towards the company’s goal and vision. Finally, adult learners should be well motivated on their new experience and learning. Incentives such as increased, self-esteem, job satisfaction and quality of life are significant in giving adults a basis to learn.  The various methodologies on adult learning and adult education are important for every educator. They should be also be knowledgeable on different approaches and techniques on educating an adult. Knowles’ theory is imperative for an educator developing an educational program so that we can address the consistent growing demands of adult education.ReferenceHolton, E. F., Swanson, D. A., & Knowles, M. S. (2005). The Adult Learner.Butterworth-Heinemann

Free Essays on What It Feels Like To Go Home

The Four of Us As I get out of my buddy Roe’s small, cramped, late model Integra, I thank him for the ride and grab my laundry bag out of his tiny trunk. My legs feel like I have weights on them, tired from the 3-hour ride home. I wave at Roe, and then walk through the front of the lobby of Silicon Valley Inn and Suites. I look out at the clean blue and gold sign on the front lawn. This is home. My parents manage a small hotel in Sunnyvale, California. As I walk through the elegantly decorated lobby towards our small apartment on the first floor, I pass the front desk and surprise my father. As my father looks up from his paperwork, I see his tired eyes open in disbelief. I feel so happy inside I almost forget to explain to him why I'm home and how I got here. He doesn’t question me, he is just happy to see me. As he walks me inside our apartment I find everything exactly how I left it. Walking towards my mother in the kitchen, I hear my father’s voice calling my mother so excitedly. His voice sounds so much more real in person than over a long distance telephone call. The first part of our apartment leads to our dining area. I can see the lines in our light blue carpet from where my mom had vacuumed just minutes ago. The chairs are pushed in exactly where they belong, on top of the carpet’s worn spots. The curtains are blue with little silver diamonds embroidered into them and match our carpet. When I think of home, the first thing I think of is our family meals in the dining area. This is where our family comes together to be close. The dining room is a favorite place for us to be even before meals since you can get a clear view of my mom preparing the meal. Since it is mid day almost lunch, the light is coming in through the kitchen window and the smell of lunch being prepared is in the air. The sharp smell of cut onions and bell peppers dominate th e room.! I stand with my father for a second as we watch my mother’... Free Essays on What It Feels Like To Go Home Free Essays on What It Feels Like To Go Home The Four of Us As I get out of my buddy Roe’s small, cramped, late model Integra, I thank him for the ride and grab my laundry bag out of his tiny trunk. My legs feel like I have weights on them, tired from the 3-hour ride home. I wave at Roe, and then walk through the front of the lobby of Silicon Valley Inn and Suites. I look out at the clean blue and gold sign on the front lawn. This is home. My parents manage a small hotel in Sunnyvale, California. As I walk through the elegantly decorated lobby towards our small apartment on the first floor, I pass the front desk and surprise my father. As my father looks up from his paperwork, I see his tired eyes open in disbelief. I feel so happy inside I almost forget to explain to him why I'm home and how I got here. He doesn’t question me, he is just happy to see me. As he walks me inside our apartment I find everything exactly how I left it. Walking towards my mother in the kitchen, I hear my father’s voice calling my mother so excitedly. His voice sounds so much more real in person than over a long distance telephone call. The first part of our apartment leads to our dining area. I can see the lines in our light blue carpet from where my mom had vacuumed just minutes ago. The chairs are pushed in exactly where they belong, on top of the carpet’s worn spots. The curtains are blue with little silver diamonds embroidered into them and match our carpet. When I think of home, the first thing I think of is our family meals in the dining area. This is where our family comes together to be close. The dining room is a favorite place for us to be even before meals since you can get a clear view of my mom preparing the meal. Since it is mid day almost lunch, the light is coming in through the kitchen window and the smell of lunch being prepared is in the air. The sharp smell of cut onions and bell peppers dominate th e room.! I stand with my father for a second as we watch my mother’...

The eNotes Blog Best Beatrice and Benedick Insults,Explained

Best Beatrice and Benedick Insults,Explained Shakespeare’s Much Ado About Nothing is one of his most successful romantic comedies. It is ridiculously funny, in part because the banter is so absurd (the characters even more so), but also in part because unlike other Shakespearean comedies, there’s actually no major tragedy that ensues. One of my favorite parts of reading Much Ado About Nothing was the delightfully witty banter between two of the main characters: Beatrice and Benedick. I am not alone in this. Many people credit this play’s lasting success to the hilarious rapid-fire between these two characters. The thing is, Shakespeare used a lot of slang from his time, so many of his jokes are more difficult to figure out. So, in order to get the full effect of their brilliant gibes (and trust me, you really do want to), you might need to do a bit of translation to see what they’d sound like if we said them today. Don’t fret though- I’ve done a bit of the work for you. But of course, this means spoilers! Read on if you want to learn how to wittily banter with someone while simultaneously courting them, according to Beatrice and Benedick. Name Calling Beatrice:     Ã‚  I wonder that you will still be talking, Signior   Benedick:   Nobody marks you. Benedick:  Ã‚  What, my dear Lady Disdain! are you yet living? Beatrice:     Ã‚  Is it possible Disdain should die when she hath such                                 meet food to feed it as Signior Benedick? Courtesy itself                                 must convert to disdain if you come in her presence                                   - (act 1 scene 1). If we spent a little more time crafting our insults these days, we might say this like: â€Å"Why are you are still talking, Benedick? Nobody is listening to you.† â€Å"Oh, look! It’s my Lady Disdain herself! Aren’t you dead yet?† â€Å"How could Lady Disdain die when there are people like you to keep disdain alive? When you’re here, even Lady Courtesy turns into Lady Disdain.† We all want to seem really cool when we reunite with the one we love for the first time in years (or is it just me). To do so, be sure to use â€Å"punny† jokes to insult their intelligence and demeanor. If you really want to impress someone, Benedick suggests you double the insult with some good old-fashioned name-calling. Real mature, Benedick. I Dont Like You More Than You Dont Like Me Beatrice and Benedick are fond of playing a game called, â€Å"Who is less vulnerable to love’s pains?† Or in other words: Maybe if we both act like we really loathe one another, no one will notice that we don’t. Quick, say something rude about my appearance! Beatrice:      [] I thank God and     my cold blood, I am of your humour for that. I had rather     hear my dog bark at a crow than a man swear he loves     me. Benedick:   God keep your Ladyship still in that mind! So some     gentleman or other shall ‘scape a predestinate scratched     face. Beatrice:     Scratching could not make it worse an ‘twere such     a face as yours were.                        - (act 1 scene 1) Today, I imagine this as something like: â€Å"Thank God that I don’t care about love and romance. I’d rather listen to my dog bark at a crow than hear a man swear that he loves me.† â€Å"Well let’s hope you stay in that frame of mind, so some poor guy can avoid getting his face scratched up.† â€Å"If he has a face that looks like yours, even a good scratching couldnt make him look any worse.† Obviously, we know that neither of these two are truly impervious to love’s charms, but it’s fun to watch them pretend to be, isn’t it? It might seem counter-intuitive to tell the person that we’re crushing on that their face looks like a cat used it for a scratching post. But as we can see here, calling them ugly totally lets them know that you’re into them (she said, sarcastically). I Just Came to Tell You That I Hate Talking to You When Beatrice is told to deliver the message to Benedick that dinner is ready, she takes the moment to remind him how much she hates talking to him- because obviously if you love someone you should definitely tell them repeatedly how much you hate being in their presence. Benedick: You took pleasure then in the message? Beatrice:  Ã‚  Yea, just so much you may take upon a knife’s point,                              and choke a daw withal.                              - (act 2 scene 3). This one is only self-explanatory if you know that a daw is a very small bird that eats, you guessed it, a very small amount of food. Beatrice is saying something like the following:   I enjoyed telling you that dinner was ready about as much as it would take to make a daw choke. Ooh, Elizabethan burn! As you can see, Shakespeare is the perfect guy to go to when you need a little inspiration for some good old-fashioned insults to mask your undying love for someone. Because if it worked for them†¦ just kidding. I don’t think you should try this at home. But all joking aside, Much Ado About Nothing is filled with romantic relationships that are really complicated. Beatrice and Benedick’s relationship is no exception. Their fears and insecurities cause the two to push one another away, but their game of wits shows them to be compatible in their intelligence, humor, and wit. They eventually admit their love to one another with the help of meddling from their friends and well-timed letter reading, as only characters in a play can. I for one, am happy for these two lovebirds.

A problem question in property law

A problem question in property law Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . Property law 1. The property here is held as a tenancy in common as the words â€Å"in equal shares† has been used and the parties have sold and passed on their individual shares indicating their intention that they all own a part of the property as opposed to them all holding the whole of the property. The Law of Property Act 1925 stipulates that the legal estate can only be held by more than one person as joint tenants. A tenancy in common in the legal estate can no longer exist, so that if there is to be a tenancy in common then this must exist behind a trust for sale. As against the outside world (including any landlord) the co-occupiers (who are trustees) can only be joint tenants. Section 12 of TOLATA 1996 confers a right to occupy where the purposes of e trust include making the property available for such occupation or where the lands is held by the trustees so as to be so available. No right arises where the land is unavailable or unsuitable for occupation. Whe re two or more beneficiaries have a right to occupy, the trustees may exclude or restrict the entitlement of any of them as long as the trustees act reasonably in doing so. In exercising their power to exclude, restrict or impose restrictions the trustees are, by reason of s13(4), to have regard to the intentions of the person who created the trust, the purposes for which the land is held an the wishes of all of the beneficiaries who would be entitled to occupy [1] . Therefore on this basis it is likely that the other trustees will be able to sell the property and Beth and Emma will therefore be able to remain at the property. 2. Easements can come into existence in a number of ways; by express grant (either by deed or in writing), by implication on the sale of part of a property or by prescription. It has long been established that an easement is no more than a right over land and not a right to either possession or joint and exclusive use of it [2] . If an alleged right involves t he exclusion of the owner of land, it cannot be an easement. The precise scope of this principle has been considered in a number of cases. In Copeland v Greenhalf, above, a wheelwright’s claim to an easement to store vehicles on a strip of adjoining land failed because Upjohn J considered that the right was too extensive to constitute an easement in law; it amounted to a claim to the whole beneficial use of the part of the strip of land over which it had been exercised. In Grigsby v Melville [3] Brightman J took a similar view of an asserted right to use premises as a store. Nonetheless, in Wright v McAdam [4] , the Court of Appeal had considered that a tenant’s use of a shed in a garden for the storage of coal might be an easement. Categories of easements have increased since the decision in Dyce v Lady James Hay [5] and have developed over time to suit modern society. For example it is doubtful at the time of this decision that right to access car parking spaces wa s a valid or existing easement, whereas such easements are common these days.

Midterm exam hispanic peopel in US society Essay

Midterm exam hispanic peopel in US society - Essay Example It was in 1492 that Muslim rule was finally extinguished to its very last remnant in Granada (Ralph, 2008) at the peak of the Reconquista. It is clearly out of the direct influence of Judaism, Islamic and Christian rule from ancient times, that most of Spain’s present religion and language, and laws are based. Spanish Jews were a prosperous community under Christian and Muslim rule in Spain before most of them were killed or expelled in 1492 in the process of forced conversion. This coincided with Christopher Columbus’ return from his exploration voyage to America. As Roman Catholicism took ground in the 1400s and 1500s, most Jews and Muslims were expelled from empire. From this time through to the 16th and 17tth centuries saw Hispania develop into a global empire, and emerging as a world power until wars and other problems rocked it to a point that its status as a powerful empire diminished according to Ralph (2008). In the early 19th century, French invaded Spain which triggered insurmountable chaos that finally resulted in independence movements that tore most of the empire apart leaving it unstable politically. Yet again, the country suffered during the 20th century, a devastating civil war which led to several years of economic and political stagnation mainly as a result of dictatorial leadership. Spain and the United States have in many instances acted in opposition to each other. Some of these instances include the Spanish-American war of 1898, Spanish American Wars of Independence, World War One, World War Two, and during the indigenous struggles for self rule of the Philippine Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba. Spain which was initially ruled by powerful Monarchs enjoyed great wealth as the empire initially grew during the era of discovery exploration and colonization. American Hispanics believe their history can be traced to Cuba, Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico and other Latin American countries where Spanish speaking people exist. In fact,

KSAs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

KSAs - Essay Example In order to produce an accurate report within the assigned deadline, it became necessary for me to combine all of the sources of information and create one sole source for the student data, which would permit easy access of the data to the Director. The final outcome: By developing a more organized system of data maintenance, it simplified the process of analyzing and summarizing information for the report, which in turn decreased the amount of time needed to compile and complete the report by the assigned submission deadline. The increased time also ensured the accuracy of the report. At the University of Maryland in the Student Support Services office, I was the first point of contact for both students and parents interested in the Summer Transitional Program. This program is designed to assist first generation/low-income students in making the transition from high school to college through the completion of a six-week intensive academic course load. Students who were invited to apply to the program were those students who were denied fall admission by the university’s Undergraduate Admissions office. Following the release of the early decision letters by the admissions office, I immediately began fielding telephone calls and receiving visits by students, parents, teachers and high school counselors inquiring about the program application process, requirements, costs and other questions and concerns. I assisted these potential students by communicating the necessary information verbally on the telephone or in person, and/or in writing through the forms of a letter, or email. At the University of Maryland, the spring semester is a very busy time for the Student Support Services office. In addition to assisting the current students in the program, the office is also in the midst of accepting applications and formulating the first-year student cohort for the upcoming

City Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

City Sustainability - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that environmental conservation is the key to a successful life. Effective environmental management leads to a sustainable future. The biophysical environment experiences degradation due to population pressure and change in technology. Conserving the environment is the responsibility of every individual in the society. Environmental conservation encompasses education, legislation, and ethics. In most cases, these factors play an important role in influencing personal-level environment, national-level environmental decisions, and behaviors. Environmental conservation emphasizes on waste management strategies, recycling of used materials, and avoiding pollution. Sustainability has been a controversial and challenging issue to the government and the society. Despite the measures taken to conserve the environment, cases of environmental pollution and degradation still exist in the society. Rapid population growth has posed a major challenge in the conservation of the environment. Urban centers have been the main sites of rapid population growth thus facing problems in conserving the places. Cities as industrial areas depict most cases of pollution whether air pollution, water pollution, or even land pollution. Strategies have been each passing day innovated and invented to reduce cases of environmental pollution. The city authorities have been given a hard task of managing the ever-growing city areas.... Overcrowding in cities leads to water shortages, air pollution, land pollution, and mismanagement of the available natural resources. This leads to epidemic diseases that turn out to be the government’s responsibility. As the major places for income sources, it becomes hard for the government to control immigration of people to the city centers. Different people have different perceptions of life and thus different views on environmental conservation. Some people view environmental conservation as burden given unto them rather than an added advantage on their health and safety (Hyyppa, 2010:139). Environmental conservation has led to a decline in the country’s economy as the government tries to reduces cases of environmental pollution and enhance sustainability. FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE METHODS USED BY CITIES TO ADOPT SUSTAINABILITY Invention and innovation Through innovation and invention, the city council is able to improvise new machines that used in sustaining the city. Moreover, the technology used in a particular city determines the level of sustainability of the city. For efficient sustainability, the city ought to invent high technological machines that are environmental friendly rather than those that cause hazardous effects to the city. Responsibility Responsibility is a main factor of consideration when planning for environmental sustainability. In order to enhance a city’s sustainability, the residents should take it as responsibility. The sustainability of any city requires devotion and concern. Lack of consciousness in maintaining the city’s sustainability both for the present and future generation, it becomes hard and impossible to implement the measures required to make the city sustainable. Sustainability of

Employee resourcing, talent management, HRD and the skills agenda Essay

Employee resourcing, talent management, HRD and the skills agenda - Essay Example Social media, on the other hand, has mostly integrated into most internet users’ personal lives. Content and information sharing has taken a new shape where each individual can directly broadcast to his whole social circle over the internet. Businesses targeting this type of internet audience develop a whole new set of marketing strategies which involve content sharing giving the customers something to share about the business to their social circles. This implies the advent of social media has morphed business marketing. This directly influences the human resources as well. Where marketing is being morphed by the era of sharing and collaboration, human resource management is also being driven by networked employees that directly share business related information with each other. Such professional networks make it possible for the human resource developers and managements to search for, hire, and evaluate employees over the internet as well as establish continuous professiona l communications to directly manage them over the internet. This allows the degree of freedom to the employees giving them the space to manage themselves and takes this load off the company; essentially being workforce empowering and power delegation. The industries, to compete with the ever expanding businesses and to cater for the ever expanding market, change and improve continuously. Human resourcing in such conditions is, at best, a task for those who understand personalities and roles in field specific tasks and can find such people efficiently.

Parental Responsiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parental Responsiveness - Essay Example If any case a child gets difficulties in achieving what he or she demands, he or she cries for assistance. Therefore, it is the role of the parents or caregivers to react responsibly after a child cries and assist on what he or she wants. When children start schooling, they meet with peers. During that time, the child adapts other different behaviors. The peer pressure usually affects them more behaviors than those they acquired from their parents or caretakers. The behaviors include good and bad ones where bad ones are easier to adapt than the good ones. The bad behaviors become more challenging to the parents or caretakers while trying to control them from their children. The adolescent stage is where most of the children have a greater resistance in changing the code of behaviors (Staats, 2002). Most of the children who refuse to change their behaviors as guided by their parents or caretakers or teachers, they mess up with their lives as they become mature. At this stage, there are some who drop out from schooling and later regret in their lives. Psychoanalysis is the understanding of the psychological phenomenon and how to treat emotional disorders. Children psychoanalysis is a form of research and treatment involving the children in trying to help them in coping with the problems. The main goal psychoanalysis is to aid children together with their parents in understanding their behaviors and feelings and try to develop them back on track (Palombo et al, 2009). The therapy usually involves less play along with more talks while the children get older towards and into puberty. Parents or caretakers should assist their children mostly at the puberty stage. The method can be used in handling the situation where the mother does not understand the desires of the infant when he or she cries. In most cases a child cries when he or she becomes uncomfortable, hungry, tired, or wants to sleep. During

English Country House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

English Country House - Essay Example This essay discusses that people build English Country Houses for spending time in a country side, away from the chaos of city life and its hassles. However, making enormous investments on such mansions, and incurring hefty expenditures on their maintenance, also has a sociological purpose. Owing such houses elevates the social status of the investor and offers that person an aura of belonging to a certain class. The architectural splendour and lush landscapes, coupled with their historical significance make country houses the most popular asset in English society. People cherish such mansions as priced possessions also because of their value in terms of social and environmental aspects. Due to these characteristics, in people consider a country house as an ideal place for spending vacations and getting relaxation from the monotony of their daily routine. However, since the cost towards purchase and maintenance of such houses is exponential, only the highly rich and elite, or people in the higher echelons of power are able to afford such mansions. A large house or mansion having great architectural merit in English country side is commonly known as English Country House, and some people also mention it as stately home. The very purpose of the house is to spend time in a country area without any botheration of city life headaches and to enjoy life. The country houses are known for their architectural, historical, landscapes, social and environmental aspects. In fact a Country House is a spot where you can relax and spend your vacation. ... â€Å"As Mark Girouard points out in his anthology  A Country House Companion, there's a mythology surrounding English country houses that extols them as "magical places" and their owners as wise custodians who tend the land, look after their tenants and servants, devote their lives to public service, fill their galleries with beautiful pictures and their libraries with rare books, and are unfailingly hospitable to friends and guests† (Morrison, 2011). The decline of English Country Houses starts with the rise of taxation, agricultural depression, and financial shortfalls in maintaining such huge houses, and the vast area involved as well. Due to there issues, most of such historical houses have been transferred to private trust, national museums or local museums. Some of the houses are now running the show by giving it on rental for short period activities such as wedding, civil ceremonies, film shooting, and as corporate entertainment venue. The survival of such houses is in jeopardy. Ever since the inception of high rise buildings in cities, and the influx of villagers to cities, and the consequent demand for accommodation in big cities, public interest has been growing in exploring the social values of English country houses. The status they give to the owners, the lifestyle, and also the identity of such houses attracts public attention. With new trends in architectural style and interior designing, the grand old country houses had lagged behind in attracting customers or tourists until a few years ago. Recently there is a reverse trend in the public minds concerning the serenity, charm, prestige and splendor involved in owning a country house or in staying there. Though they are modeled on the 18th and 19th century architectural style, people have an eye on them.

Parental Responsiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parental Responsiveness - Essay Example If any case a child gets difficulties in achieving what he or she demands, he or she cries for assistance. Therefore, it is the role of the parents or caregivers to react responsibly after a child cries and assist on what he or she wants. When children start schooling, they meet with peers. During that time, the child adapts other different behaviors. The peer pressure usually affects them more behaviors than those they acquired from their parents or caretakers. The behaviors include good and bad ones where bad ones are easier to adapt than the good ones. The bad behaviors become more challenging to the parents or caretakers while trying to control them from their children. The adolescent stage is where most of the children have a greater resistance in changing the code of behaviors (Staats, 2002). Most of the children who refuse to change their behaviors as guided by their parents or caretakers or teachers, they mess up with their lives as they become mature. At this stage, there are some who drop out from schooling and later regret in their lives. Psychoanalysis is the understanding of the psychological phenomenon and how to treat emotional disorders. Children psychoanalysis is a form of research and treatment involving the children in trying to help them in coping with the problems. The main goal psychoanalysis is to aid children together with their parents in understanding their behaviors and feelings and try to develop them back on track (Palombo et al, 2009). The therapy usually involves less play along with more talks while the children get older towards and into puberty. Parents or caretakers should assist their children mostly at the puberty stage. The method can be used in handling the situation where the mother does not understand the desires of the infant when he or she cries. In most cases a child cries when he or she becomes uncomfortable, hungry, tired, or wants to sleep. During

Server-side scripting of web pages part 2 Essay Example for Free

Server-side scripting of web pages part 2 Essay

Effect of Social Responsibility on Organisation Productivity

Effect of Social Responsibility on Organisation Productivity Can social responsibilities effect the productivity of organisations in the Hospitality and catering Public thinking and opinion are the contents of the crucible from which the social fabric of a community, town, region, nation and international community are borne. The very nature of this arena (social consciousness), is an on-going evolutionary process which is reflective of the era one chooses to examine. Within the European Union legislation in varied areas has been enacted to improve the overall quality of services delivered to the public at large as well as for the benefit of workers. And while the United Kingdom is not a member of this body, the reforms, legislation and policies enacted become known and thus places the government under social pressure to enact changes in response to the overall public welfare. The progressive foundation of the United Kingdoms social policies provides a climate whereby the public expects that government stay abreast of new socially oriented developments as they develop and with such progress comes cost. The cost of enacting and overseeing same is borne by either the government, which translates is its people, and or by business. Sometimes referred to as the welfare state the United Kingdom has demonstrated historically demonstrated sensitivity to social issues and reform and this underlying foundation is comprised of three key elements which; Guarantees a set of minimum standards which includes a minimum income Provides for social protection And that services will be carried out in the best possible manner. The social welfare consciousness in the United Kingdom is extensive in terms of its embracing a broad spectrum of initiatives, thus private enterprises are bound by regulations and laws in keeping with this responsibility as established by the public trust. Those organizations that engage in extensive contact or service to the public and are particularly scrutinized and susceptible to implementation of both required (meaning legalized or regulated social policy mandates) and generally accepted norms of behaviour as well as conduct, and rightly so. Such public mandates carry with them implementation as well as ongoing maintenance costs which can manifest themselves in wage, compliance, training as well as standards in delivering and providing services. Such is the cost to the government, its populace and businesses to live in an environment which is in keeping with and reflects our modern society. These standards are particularly important when industry directly services the public as the impact of said services is immediate and on a mass scale. Given the relatively high content of labour intensity in the hospitality and catering industries, regulated or legislated changes can result in additional costs and thus reduce productivity as a result. New legislation which has been enacted for the hospitality and catering sector as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦essential regulatory guidanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with such having an effect that it encompasses some 1,500 pages of information. The sheer volume of this data can be overwhelming to an industry sector which is primarily composed (80%) of small sized firms (SMEs) employing 10 or fewer people. The new legislation sets standards in wages, the workplace, food preparation mandates, equipment and facility requirements which are in the publics interest as well as its employees which is the social responsibility of both the government and the industry sector (hospitality and catering), with the cost in time, expense, upgrades, modifications and compliance resulting in net expenditures that affect bottom line performance. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Historical Social Climate The centralized governmental structure that is utilized in the United Kingdom nationalizes a social implementation process that can be traced back to the Poor Laws. These reforms, the first of which was enacted in 1598 and which drew to an end in 1958, started with; 1. the establishment of a poor rate foundation (meaning the level which established this as a social phenomenon), 2. utilization of overseers to administer relief, 3. and provisions designed to put the poor to work The Poor Laws were replaced by the passage of the; 1. 1946 National Insurance Act, which ushered in the foundations for social security 2. 1946 National Health Service Act 3. 1948 National Assistance Act that eliminated the Poor Law 4. and the 1948 Children Act The preceding developments effectively placed the countrys social policy on the path that defines its present day terms. The manner in which social policy is viewed in Europe, and its influence on the United Kingdom is an important variable in understanding why consistent changes and modifications to existing regulations, legislation and laws is necessary to keep pace with progressive developments that are in the interest of all concerned (government, citizens and the business community). This mood and historical climate help to shape the psychological parameters that act upon this area. Anderson (1983) has postulated that the social bond of deep horizontal comradeship is a key foundational element in nationalism and the corresponding socio-psychological ideology. Connor (1993) adds that the idea of nation is an emotional process and in global terms it forms an aspect of an individuals identity. The devastation in Europe that was a result of World War II created the social climate for welfares which was adopted as foundation for social policy in many European countries, including the United Kingdom. The mass scale of fragmentation as a result of refugees, displaced persons, the destruction of towns cities and the breach of national security created what leaders termed a lack of social cohesion which needed to be reinforced to provide the populace with the belief that circumstances would indeed improve as a result of policies and programs being put into place. To make this work, leaders believed that the establishment of a base level of political and economic provisions for citizens would provide assurances of the foregoing. In order to implement such policies they had to be introduced on a national level through institutions and agencies that needed to be created to administer a uniform code of social and financial services. The preceding was a major factor in why social policy in Europe is more liberalized and generous than in the United States. World War II also resulted in an elimination and or erosion of historical European monarchies and the formation of constitutional frameworks reflective of20th century thinking. The foregoing historical, political, economic and social variables are the key components blended into the European term which is the called the welfare state. The British Labour Party platform after winning the election in 1945 stated Jobs for all along with Social insurance against the rainy dayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and included plans to attain said goals. The victory by the Labour Party was unforeseen and helped to establish a tone not only in Great Britain, but the rest of Europe as the publics vote heralded the beginnings of heightened social consciousness. 1.2 Sector Ramifications Hospitality and Catering The preceding understanding of the United Kingdoms social fabric is important in equating the recent legislation affecting the hospitality and catering sector. Both sectors are highly dependent on labor and as a result any new regulations or legislation have a deeper impact due to the labour dependant composition that characterizes its makeup. Said changes must not only be communicated, but overseen as well and these changes cannot be simply written into a software program or changes in assembly line methods, they are by and large done by individuals. Additionally the general low wage composition of this sector for a good percentage of its employees means that additional compliance slows productivity as it is primarily manual in nature. The new legislation is estimated to affect and estimated 81% of the business in this sector Economically the increase of compliance and legislative changes in the service sector as a factor of a countrys GDP decreases the economic growth rate with a corresponding decline in productivity rates due tithe costs involved. The hospitality and catering sectors are within the broader classification termed Travel and Tourism and this industry is projected to become the largest classification globally during 2005. As such the major issue facing the hospitality and catering sector is increasing productivity so that it will affect the profitability of operations. With this industry sector (hospitality and catering)representing an estimated 1 out of 12.4 jobs throughout all industry classifications the implications of increased productivity represents sizeable gain in economic strength and the corresponding effect upend (Gross Domestic Product). The composition of the companies within this industry (hospitality and catering) forms a critical component in equating the influence of social responsibility and the resultant impact on productivity as a result of expenditures to comply. It is important to understand that fully 94% of the 2.7 SMEs within the travel and tourism sector are comprised of what is termed micro-enterprises that employ less than ten (10) individuals, and 94% of this total represents approximately fifty present (50%) of the labour force. The newly enacted legislation encompasses social responsibility in that it seeks to standardize not only the delivery of services within this sector, it also benefits the individuals employed therein as well. An examination of the varied factors comprising productivity in the hospitality and catering sector to correlate the effect of social responsibilities requires an understanding of the structural as well as staffing variables within each sector along with any new regulations, laws and or legislation which might act upon bottom line performance. Chapter 2 Methodology 2.1 Gaining a Perspective As the subject of this paper asks the complex question of how social responsibilities act upon productivity, the logical point to first understand is the nature and breathe of where social responsibility emanates from and what it indeed means. The preceding broad context was undertaken to permit the gathering of information on an ad hoc basis rather than utilizing the blinders of preconceived notions or understandings which might not reflect actual circumstances or conditions as they transpired. Research methodology, regardless of personal knowledge, demands that one look at the subject with a clean mental slate in order to maintain objectivity. This means exploring the process from all conceivable angles. As understanding the implications of the foregoing formed the starting point, delving into searches via the internet was determined to be the point of origin from which to gain a perspective. The subject of social responsibility is a fluid rather than static subject. It is based upon the point in time one is looking at as social changes reflect human consciousness and awareness which is consistently evolving. However, it also based upon what preceded it in the past. The area of social responsibility has its roots in the temper and climate of the society it is borne into and how that idea was/is expounded upon. The social bond of deep horizontal comradeship as put forth by Anderson (1983) forms an important base element in the formation of nationalism as well as the corresponding socio-psychological ideology. As the historical significance of all the component parts required background information, secondary research was conducted utilizing Internet search engines to gather data from journals and articles as well as to determine what literature sources (books) to be explored. The nature of the subject is well suited to secondary research ahistorical events held the factual records of the evolution of the social policy process. Secondary research provides the benefit of obtaining detailed facts, dates and information which can be analyzed against the subject matter at hand. And while primary research gathers opinion, viewpoints and information first hand, it is a structured process that requires prior experience with the subject to formulate the basis for questions, interviews and information which form the prevailing view but not necessarily the answer. Following the historical timeline of events in society, the industry sector, government and labour provided the inputs that revealed the sources and underpinnings which contained the answers. While there are varied voluntary aspects and areas that a firm can undertake which qualify as social responsibility said measures would be difficult to equate in terms of their application, use and affect unproductivity. Therefore, the source of any social responsibly issues needed to consist of something that applied on a broad basis and was identifiable as well as fit the parameters. In this instance the source is the legislation adopted by the United Kingdom from the European Union such as the Employment Rights Act 1996) which set forth a broad spectrum of regulations, compliance and rules as well as catering legislation and regulations that have been enacted. Chapter 3 Literature Review 3.1 A Broad Spectrum of Inputs As the United Kingdom is connected by history and geographic location to the European Union, even though it has not become a member, it recognizes the broader implications of keeping in step with the developments, rules and regulations this body enacts. Within this context the United Kingdoms recent legislation affecting the hospitality and catering sectors finds its roots in said organization. Organizations such as: 1. The European Federation of Trade Unions in the Food, Agriculture and Tourism (EFFAT), and 2. HOTREC (Hotels, Restaurant and Cafes in Europe, were two contributors to the EU Commission from which the broad compendium of laws, rules, regulations and policy was adopted. The following summarizes those organizations: 1. The European Federation of Trade Unions in the Food, Agriculture and Tourism (EFFAT) This organization is a federation that represents 120 trade unions throughout Europe in 35 countries (European Union and non-European Union nations). With a membership roster in excess of 2,600,000 it utilizes their input and consensus to investigate and formulate policies in a multitude of areas. EFFATs policy statement mentions that the organization is committed to sustainable development in areas such as pollution, drinking water quality and availability as well as ecological problems through dialogue and cooperation and recommendations. The organization is also cognizant of migration and immigration issues in the industries it represents and how these types of individuals form a good portion of the labour pool for the sectors it represents, thus indicating the need for effective training techniques and the associated laws and regulations to protect the interests of these groups as well as turning them into productive workers. 2. HOTREC (Hotels, Restaurant and Cafes in Europe) As one would assume the hotel, restaurant, and cafÃÆ' © sectors are governed by strong social laws, externally (for the protection of the public), and internally (for the protection of employees). The extensive numbers of measures (in excess of fifty [50]), has been identified as a source of concern by this organization as these industries are labour intensive that compliance will increase the operating costs and potentially affect employment as well as growth. Milton Friedman explains that since individuals run businesses, the social responsibility of these firms is an outgrowth of the management culture and their understanding as well as identification with the notion of social precepts. Friedman poses the question that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦first step toward clarity.. entails understanding the context of social responsibility in terms of what it ..implies for whom. Friedman explained the fit of social consciousness in business should not become lost in the complexity as the process is simple, people run enterprises and as individuals they are influenced by society as well as being a part of it. Thus as ones influence and responsibilities increase, so does the need to expand their vision in terms of the effects of that influence and act accordingly. The requirement that individuals thinking terms of the implications and ramifications of the sphere of influence exerted by a company as well as the generation of profits. The reminder and assertion being put forward is that regardless of the profit motive, business has an obligation to other individuals as a result of the humanity of our global community. The acts of labour, government and the industry has shown that the concept of social responsibility is an active component of the hospitality and catering sector as evidenced by the following organizational meetings which included or focused on social responsibility issues as an important part of their agendas; A. World Summit for Social Development, International Labour Organizations Sectorial Activities Programme B. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms C. Ministerial Conference on Human Rights of the European Social Charter D. International Labour Organizations Sectorial Activities Programme E. Tripartite Meeting on Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector The following organizations helped to set the framework for the European Commission and are examples of governmental, industry, jaborandi social consciousness which provided the specifics concerning social responsibility and its effects upon productivity, as well as means to harness this in a method which is positive for employers and employees; A. World Summit for Social Development, International Labour Organizations Sectorial Activities Programme The World Summit for Social Development meeting of March 1995 in Copenhagen pledged to reduce poverty, work toward the objective of full employment, and to foster social integration. As a United Nations organization the importance of the influence of this program is obvious, making the issues a global concern via utilization of a formal stage under the aegis of the U. N. The conference convened in Geneva in2000 to review the commitments made in Copenhagen in 1995. The importance of this initiative has moved the sphere of social policy tithe forefront of global attention. B. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Organized under the Council of Europe, the name of the Convention explains its origins as well as purpose. As a natural outgrowth, social policies were tabled and have helped to shape the social responsibility concerns which business needs to embrace as part of the broader human community. C. Ministerial Conference on Human Rights of the European Social Charter This Conference put forth an extensive list of employment related social and legal accords which were agreed to by the countries comprising Europeans a foundation for commercial regulations ensuring fundamental as well as progressive social rights. This list forms the underpinning of all social responsibility areas in the public arena and thus sets a standard for social corporate behaviour. The extensive list shall be elaborated on in Chapter 4. D. International Labour Organizations Sectorial Activities Programme As a separate organization devoted to labour issues the International Labour Organization segments its Sectorial Activities Programme into industrial classifications. This organization brings together business, government and people, Tripartite, so that initiatives undertaken have balance due to all entities being represented. The policies implemented by this organization have a binding effect as a result of this tripartite mixture. It actualizes discussion at other levels (meaning organizations and programs), into working realities. E. Tripartite Meeting on Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector This is the industry Programme specifically devoted to the Tourism classification. The policies and areas identified by these organizations helped to form parts of the European Union enactments which was then adopted by the United Kingdom and subsequently resulted in the 1,500 pages of legislation for the Hospitality and Catering sectors which covers: 1. The Employment Rights Act of 1996 2. Working Time Regulations of 1998 3. Employment Relations Act of 1999 4. Part-Time Workers Regulations of 2000 5. 1990 Food Safety Act and subsequent amendments a. General Product Safety Regulations b. Hygiene Legislation c. Food Control Regulations d. Food Law Guide The extent of the foregoing is so extensive that they shall be discussed under the following section. Chapter 4 Analysis of Data 4.1 Social Responsibility in Modern Society In order to understand the aspect(s) of social responsibilities with regard to their effect on the productivity of firms within the hospitality and catering sector of the travel and tourism industry classification, one must first be cognizant of the broader spectrum from which this emanates, social policies which evolve from public opinion. This is also termed as a social contract which is a term that has been derived from political science and sociology to signify both real as well as hypothetical understandings or agreements within country concerning the rights and responsibilities of citizens as well as the nation. Jean Rousseau (1762) stated that the social contract is an understanding that in order for individuals to live in a society they must agree that in exchange for this society (nation) giving them certain rights such as the right to live, they also must give up certain aspects such as harming others, and that as a result the society (nation) is obligated to administer laws and rights equally as well as fairly. This social contract is a living entity that is modified, amended and adjusted by public opinion that changes the context of laws and regulations as the social consciousness of the society (nation) evolves. The implication of the foregoing is that if individuals demand and require more rights these rights carry with them the caveat that the individuals within said society (nation) also must agree to and take on more responsibilities and the nature and weight of these responsibilities increase with more rights. Simply stated, more rights mean more responsibilities and less responsibility mean fewer rights. The prior statement has been utilized to provide a foundational point of understanding to illustrate that social responsibility factors are an outgrowth of said social contract and the process is evolutionary in nature. Individuals within a society become familiar with the implications of this contract through the educational process, media, elections, voting and other communication forms. Most of the contents of this contract are understood by high percentage of the population which know that voicing said opinions through activist groups and contacting elected officials is the process by which newer theories and or applications of social practice and behaviour are updated to contemporary terms. As companies and corporations are an inherent part of the societal fabric they are bound by social codes of conduct and behaviour both legislated as well as those that are considered part of progressive thinking and behaviour. Governmental reforms and acceptance on an official basis of new theories, understandings and precepts of social conduct and responsibility is necessarily a slow process because it must weigh and consider the ramifications of each aspect and how this affects existing and accepted social norms, as well as the negative impacts and how such affect all aspects of the social fabric. This simplified summary explanation is neither in defence of or a comment on government reaction to new inputs. Not all forms or aspects of this social contract(understandings) are formalized, meaning being a part of laws or regulations, they can tend to be rules of accepted conduct or progressive thinking (and living) which become an expected part of these progressive circles. 4.2. UK Legislation As stated by Bob Cotton, Chief Executive of the British Hospitality Association, the number of the regulations enacted by the United Kingdom covering the hospitality and catering sectors, some 1,500pages, represents a compliance maze has become a time, cost and administrative burden for an industry primarily comprised of smaller firms. He indicated that even with amendments to reduce the total number it would still à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦impose new cost burdens which are just as onerous. The European Laws introduced since 1997 under this and other legislations has increased the compliance and administrative cost to businesses by 46% (currently  £30 billion), in what the Derby Council calls à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦red tapeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A survey by the British Chambers of Commerce has stated that the laws covering the protection of data, maternity as well as paternity leaves and other areas are costing businesses billions of pounds, and in a study conducted by the Burdens Barometers this figure was calculated as being in excess of  £10 billion since being put into effect in 1999. In all the total bill for areas indicated as red tape have been estimated as adding  £9 billion in costs just in 2003.The following will summarize the extensive nature of the preceding: 1. The Employment Rights Act of 1996 Consisting of 245 segments under Chapter 18 the Act sets forth Employment Particulars which are the foundation for a broad number of areas affecting the hospitality and catering sectors within the context of this paper. This Act also forms the framework for the Working Time Regulations of 1998which contains a number of amendments that represent part of the new legislation. Some highlights of this Act are: a. Employment Particulars b. Protection of Wages c. Guarantee Payments d. Sunday Working for Shop and Betting Workers e. Protection from Suffering Detriment in Employment f. Time Off Work g. Suspension from Work h. Maternity Rights I. Termination of Employment j. Right not to be Unfairly Dismissed k. Remedies for Unfair Dismissal 2. Working Time Directive The additional paperwork, regulations, new benefits and associated measures comprising the amendment to the Working Time Directive which specifies minimums for health and safety under Article 2 of Directive89/391/EEC and Article 17. The Directive amendment sets forth provisions for the following in the private and public sectors: a. rest period minimums for a days, weeks and annual vacation as well as break periods, maximum weekly hours b. aspects covering certain areas concerning night shifts, shifts and work patterns. The following sets forth provisions under the preceding sections: a. Minimum Rest Periods: 1). Article 3 Daily rest Specified as a minimum daily period of rest between working periods of 11 hours 2). Article 4 Breaks Specifies that when the shift exceeds six hours each employee is entitled to a rest break as specified and laid out in collective agreements 3). Article 5 Weekly rest period During a seven-day period each worker is entitled to the indicated11-hour daily rest and a minimum 24-hour rest period which is specified as Sunday 4). Maximum weekly working time This is subject to the prevailing country law and the total working time for the seven day period shall not exceed 48 hours (in the United Kingdom), which includes overtime b. Night Work Shifts and Patterns of Work 1). Workers on the night shift are to receive a health assessment free of charge prior to being assigned and any worker who is determined to have a health problem that is diagnosed as connected to night work shall be transferred as soon as possible to day work shifts 2). The indicated health assessment must conform to medical terms of confidentiality 3). Employers compliance with the indicated health assessment can be performed via the national health system c. Night work guarantees Certain night worker categories shall receive guarantees as specified by legislation of that country concerning risks at work to their health and or safety 1). Article 11 Notification concerning the regular utilization of night employees health and safety protection If so requested by authorized agencies and or individuals information concerning night workers shall be provided by the company 2). Article 12 Pattern of work Countries shall see that regulations are in place to guide employers in setting procedures for night employees that minimize repetitive patterns and set a rate that provides safety and health specifications 3). Article 13 Safety and health protection Countries shall see that night employees as well as shift employees have the appropriate safety and health protection applicable to the work being performed The preceding are provisions that are applicable in this instance for the hospitality and catering sector concerning social responsibility aspects whereby costs are incurred as a result of their enactment. The Employment Relations Act of 1999 sets forth those provisions that are cost additives for businesses under social responsibility: a. Maternity and Parental Leave 1999 Maternity leave is granted to employees who meet certain criteria and conditions: 1).That said employee notify the employer of the maternity leave period 21days prior to the date said leave shall commence as long as she has notified the employer of said pregnancy, the expected day of delivery and the date of maternity leave commencement. 2). Said employee shall provide the employer with documentation on said pregnancy from a licensed medical practitioner, or midwife and that such be in writing if so directed. That the employer shall allow foresaid maternity leave be at least 18 weeks. The cost additive under social responsibility in this instance is that said provision applies to all workers. In the past part time workers were not entitled and thus their return to their positions was subject to the discretion of the employer and not a right. 3). Parental Leave If an employee has been with the firm on a continual basis for a period of not less than 1 year and has direct legal responsibility for amino, then said employee shall be entitled to 13 weeks parental leave(not consecutive) and shall not lose their job as a result. a. Time off for domestic incidents Employees are entitled to paid time off for domestic incidents as set forth in collective agreements. b. Part-Time Worker Regulations of 2000 Under this provision part-time workers shall be paid at the same rates full time employees for comparable work and shall also be paid for overtime under the same understanding. The seasonal as well as temporary workers within the hospitality and catering sectors are benefited by the Act, however employers who formerly utilized this category as a justification to pay lower wages now have this as a cost additive. Part-time workers are entitled to the same coverage and other provisions of full time workers on a pro-rata basis. c. 1990 Food Safety Act and subsequent amendments The importance of regulating and ensuring the public safety is a function of government and the Food Safety Act of 1990 was enacted

Assessment of Members of a Group Project :: The Forgotten Group Member essays papers

Case 9 – The Forgotten Group Member 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christine’s leadership abilities could benefit by having knowledge of the stages of group development. Specific to her situation, it seems that aside from the very first group meeting, Mike was not present for the forming stage of the group. As a result, questions such as â€Å"What can the group offer me?†, â€Å"Can my needs be met and still contribute to the group†, and other discovery inquiries did not get answered for Mike so he has not felt part of the team so he has withdrawn from the group. As a leader, Christine could have encouraged to Mike the importance of being present for group meetings so he can be part of the team. For example, at the lunch room incident when Mike walked away, she could have talked with him individually and explained to him that she perceives that he does not feel welcome and has been avoiding team meetings. Christine could address the how important it is to attend the team meetings, explain to him the  "WWIFM† (what’s in it for me) aspects and the fact that team needs him as he has so much that could contribute and add value to the team. She could also indicate that the team’s success will only be possible when every member contributes. By doing so, she can help ensure that Mike is able to join the group during the forming stage and hopefully move quickly to the norming and then performing stages. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christine should understand that the blend of individual personalities and how people related to one another in groups based on their needs to express and receive feelings of inclusion, control and affection are important to the success of the team. By understanding the needs of her team members, she can build group processes to address those needs. For example, since Mike initially revealed himself as a class clown, she could allow him the opportunity to be creative with his contribution to the project and present part of the case in class to let his humor shine through in a manner that compliments the case. For Steve, she could let him draw up an agenda and project plan. Janet could be the one who researches the materials needed for the project. As a result of understanding the needs of the team members, Christine would be able to draw on the strengths of each team member by building group processes that compliment those strengths and as a result, would suppor t positive and, hopefully, successful workgroup performance.

Depreciation And Sale Of Asset :: essays research papers

Depreciation is the decline in the future economic benefits of a depreciable non-current asset through wear and tear and obsolescence. It is an allocation process. It can be calculated by two main methods, each reflecting in a distinct prospect in the way the asset is used. Depreciation is to be treated as an estimated expense that does not set aside cash for the replacement of a non-current asset. In determining the cost of acquisition of the lathes, any capital expenditure made must be added to the purchase price of the lathes. This amount will be considered as the historical cost and will be used in calculating the depreciation expense Depreciation is the allocation of the cost of a non-current asset less its estimated disposal value against revenue over the assets useful life. A depreciable asset is an asset that will be used over more than one accounting period and will gradually contribute to revenue over its useful life. However, it will give rise to future expenses as their future economic benefits are used up or expired. Examples of depreciable assets include machinery and motor vehicles. Generally, most non-current assets, with the exception of land, decline in their potential to provide future economic benefit. There are three factors that contribute to this decline. They are, the deterioration of a non-current asset due to the use of it, technical obsolescence, whereby certain assets become out of date due to technical innovations and improvements on a comparative basis and the final, commercial obsolescence which is the process of certain non-current assets becoming redundant as the demands fall for the goods or service previously provided by the asset Depreciation allocates the assets cost or depreciable amount over the estimated useful life of the asset to the entity. It is not a process of asset valuation. The cost of the asset less the accumulated depreciation is not intended to give the current market value of the asset as the asset purchased is not intended for re-sale but use in the business. There are two methods of depreciating an asset, the straight-line method, and the reducing balance method. The straight-line method of depreciation allocates the same amount of depreciation expense being charged against revenue each accounting period of the assets useful life. This method is effective for assets that give a constant contribution of revenue per period. It provides a direct relationship between the depreciation expense and the asset cost.

Phobias and Addiction Paper Essay

A phobia is a learned bodily response in reference to a difficult life event. Centered in the amygdala portion of the brain which regulates the â€Å"fight or flight† response, a somatic sensation of anxiety occurs in the presence of specific stimuli. The precipitating factor may have been experienced by the person themselves-or may have been experienced â€Å"secondhand† through misfortune that may have occurred to a friend or loved on. In some cases, a phobia may have no discernible cause or may appear â€Å"irrational†-to everyone but the person experiencing it! Phobic reactions or symptoms of anxiety can include: a racing heart, sweaty palms, an upset stomach and a general feeling of unease. Classical conditioning is a response that is triggered by an outside stimulus-or the thought of such stimulus. The perfect example is the Pavlovian response-in which Pavlov would ring a bell before dinnertime and his dogs would salivate. Over time, he extinguished the presence of the food yet kept the ringing of the bell. The dogs still salivated-at the idea of food coming, a basic bodily response to the suggestion of a specific stimulus. This is commonly referred to as a â€Å"Pavlovian response. † Classical conditioning has two components to it-the acquisition stage and the extinction phase. In the acquisition stage, the initial learned response is obtained. For example, in the case of a phobia-a person may break out in a cold sweat presence of crossing a bridge as he drives. In the extinction phase, the bridge may not be present but the memory of it may be present-enough to still cause the phobic reaction. Thus, merely thinking about a stimulus, even when it is extinct, can still bring on the same phobic response. The phobic response, therefore, is strengthened each time it is felt. The stimulus-present or not-extinct or not-become fused together in the person’s mind. The phobia sufferer then will go to great lengths to avoid the stimulus at any cost. The phobia then worsens as he avoids facing his fears head on. This is how classical conditioning can increase the intensity of a phobia. Addictions are defined as a persistent behavioral pattern that is marked by physical and/or psychological dependency on someone or something. Addictions became â€Å"an issue† in the treatment milieu when they significantly disrupt the life of the addicted individual. Terminology has become quite complicated. Those individuals from a medical background define addiction from a physiological basis. For example-opiates, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol and nicotine are classical examples of those substances, which cause a physical dependence. On a lesser scale, there are those items that can cause a physiological dependence, as evidenced by changes in the neurotransmitters in the brain-some examples would be over the counter nasal sprays or laxatives. Psychological addictions can be defined within the context of a â€Å"slippery slope†- there are as many â€Å"addictions† as there are specialists to treat them. (Evidence the most recent news of the plethora of celebrities being treated for sex addiction. ) Some examples of area in which psychological addiction may occur include the following-shopping, pornography, eating, exercise and self injury. There is a physiologic reward, however, as the object of the addictive person’s attention -aka†the reward† activates the â€Å"pleasure enter† of the brain-emitting dopamine. Therefore, the addictive behavior is rewarded with a rush of dopamine to the person engaging in the behavior. Operant conditioning is the use of consequences to form or shape a behavior. There are three main components relevant to operant conditioning. First, there is the aspect of reinforcement-this basically applies to a consequence that causes the â€Å"addictive† behavior to occur with greater frequency. An example of this would be as follows- An individual is consumed with shopping. They scour the news every day to find out where the sales will be taking place; they belong to a network of people that trade shopping information relevant to their area of interest. Then the day comes and they make the purchase. This act reinforces their addiction with a momentary high (that is usually short lived. ) Second, the aspect of punishment-a consequence that makes an action occur, less frequently-comes into play. When an addictive urge is felt, and the desired object is taken away (i. e. the punishment†) the urge to obtain the desired â€Å"rush† still exists-albeit even stronger. The person then works harder to obtain the drug, the act, and the food-whatever the addiction is. In this way, the operant conditioning aspect of punishment reinforces and addiction. Third, there is the element of extinction. Extinction occurs when there is a lack of consequence following a behavior-good or bad. An individual who is wantonly exhibiting a sexual addiction while in a s erious relationship-let’s take that as an example. Without being â€Å"caught†, there is no consequence. The addictive behavior continues unchecked. It is reinforced. I have exemplified the ways in which operant conditioning can develop and maintain addictive behavior. The difference between classical and operant conditioning is as follows: very succinctly put, classical conditioning forms a relationship between two stimuli-for example, one thinks of/or sees a chocolate cake, the salivary glands begin to work! Operant conditioning forms a relationship between a stimuli and a consequence. You touch the stove while it’s on, you get burnt. Bet you won’t do that again-a relationship is formed on the basis of a negative consequence. Conversely, the consequence can also be positive. Example-you do your homework on time and as assigned, you get a good grade, a positive consequence has occurred, which will (hopefully) shape future behaviors. Extinction is achieved through the gradual phasing out of â€Å"reward† in operant conditioning, while hoping to still achieve the same behavior. Example, one has been rewarded with a good driver award after years of possessing a great driving record. With the extinction of this positive consequence (i. e. no reward)-one would hope that the good driving habits would continue. In classical conditioning, I will present an example-if we ring a bell and cause a dog we have a conditioned stimulus-however if we keep ringing that bell without giving the dog any food (an unconditioned stimulus) eventually the dog will unlearn his conditioned response. Extinction has then occurred. In summation, extinction is operant conditioning relates to the phasing out of consequence – in classical conditioning it is the phasing out of response.